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1. What is the difference between deductive and inductive
reasoning?
a) Deductive reasoning is based on general premises, while
inductive reasoning is based on specific observations.
b) Deductive reasoning is based on specific observations,
while inductive reasoning is based on general premises.
c) Deductive reasoning is always valid, while inductive
reasoning is always invalid.
d) Deductive reasoning is always invalid, while inductive
reasoning is always valid.
Answer: A. Deductive reasoning is based on general
premises, while inductive reasoning is based on specific
observations. This is the definition of these two types of
reasoning. B is the opposite of A. C and D are false
because both deductive and inductive reasoning can be
valid or invalid depending on the quality of the arguments.
2. What is a fallacy?
a) A mistake in reasoning that makes an argument invalid
or unsound.
b) A statement that contradicts itself or is logically
impossible.
c) A rhetorical device that appeals to the emotions or biases
of the audience.
d) All of the above.
Answer: D. All of the above. A fallacy is a mistake in
reasoning that makes an argument invalid or unsound, such
as affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent. A
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