PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD331 Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic disorders Finals Exam (Qns & Ans) 2026

PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD331 Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic disorders Finals Exam (Qns & Ans) 2026

1. Which of the following is the most common cause of coronary
artery occlusion?
 A) Atherosclerosis
 B) Vasculitis
 C) Thrombosis
 D) Embolism
 Correct ANS : A) Atherosclerosis
 Rationale : Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the
arteries, which is the primary contributor to coronary artery
occlusion.
2. In patients with heart failure, which hormone is typically
elevated and indicates volume overload?
 A) Norepinephrine
 B) Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
 C) Angiotensin II
 D) Cortisol
 Correct ANS : B) Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
 Rationale : BNP is released by the ventricles in response to
wall stress and volume overload, serving as a biomarker for heart
failure.
©2026/2027
3. Which type of anemia is characterized by the presence of
microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells?
 A) Aplastic anemia
 B) Iron deficiency anemia
 C) Megaloblastic anemia
 D) Hemolytic anemia
 Correct ANS : B) Iron deficiency anemia
 Rationale : Iron deficiency anemia leads to the production of
smaller (microcytic) and paler (hypochromic) red blood cells due
to insufficient hemoglobin synthesis.
4. What pathophysiological process leads to the development of
Raynaud’s phenomenon?
 A) Arterial embolism
 B) Vasospasm of peripheral arteries
 C) Thrombus formation
 D) Decreased blood viscosity
 Correct ANS : B) Vasospasm of peripheral arteries
 Rationale : Raynaud's phenomenon is caused by exaggerated
vasospastic responses to cold or stress, leading to reduced blood
flow in extremities.

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