PSYC 435/ PSYCHOLOGY LATEST EXAM/ Question with Detailed Answers/ Updated Rated A+

PSYC 435/ PSYCHOLOGY LATEST EXAM/ Question with Detailed Answers/ Updated Rated A+

1. Discuss the different conceptual approaches to understanding the causes of abnormal behaviour.
These approaches will include: (a) necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes; (b) feedback and
circularity models; and (c) the diathesis-stress model. - ANSWER - Attempting to understand a person's
life in causal terms is a massive, arguably impossible task - as a result, most investigators speak in terms
of risk factors.
Necessary cause (X) is a condition necessary for disorder (Y) to occur. For example, general paresis (Y)
can only occur if one has contracted syphilis (X). 'If disorder Y appears, X must have preceded it.
Sufficient cause is a condition that guarantees the onset of a disorder, although many other causes could
lead to the same disorder. For example, feeling extremely hopeless about one's future is arguably
sufficient to cause depression.
Contributory cause is one that increases the probability of one getting a disorder but is neither necessary
nor sufficient to bring on this discorder.
A predisposition to developing a disorder is called diathesis, which is a distal necessary or contributing
cause, but usually not sufficient to trigger a disorder. Chronic or episodic stressors that must be
accommodated for can contribute to the likelihood that a disorder will emerge. This is known as the
diathesis-stress model
Behavioral sciences usually deal with a variety of interacting causes and effects, some which feedback or
are bidirectional. For example, stress may lead one eventually to depression, which reduces one's social
and economic efficacy, which in turn will cause further stress.
Summarize the biological theories of abnormal behaviour, including neurotransmitter/hormonal
imbalances, genetic and constitutional influences, and physical damage to brain structures. - ANSWER -
Neurotransmitter imbalance is involved in the ethology of most mental disorders, sometimes brought on
by psychological stress. Excessive production or release of NTs, dysfunction in their deactivation or
reuptake, or abnormal sensitivity or insensitivity with receptors at the postsynaptic vesicles.
pg. 2
Hormone imbalance can lead to neuropathology, especially interactions at the
hypothalamusmicpituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). Action of this axis involves:
1. Messages in the form of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) travel from the hypothalamus
to the pituitary
2. In response to CRH, the pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which
stimulates the adrenal glands to produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol.
Genetically heritable traits such as neuroticism can predispose an individual to certain mental disorders.
Damage to many brain structures, for example, the hippocampus (responsible for memory formation and
a number of other important functions) or the frontal lobe (responsible for personality, impulse control
etc) has been implicated in a number of mental disorders.
Discuss the substantive contributions of the psychosocial factors of deviant cognitions (schemas and
selfschemas), early deprivation or trauma (e.g., parental deprivation, institutionalization, abuse, etc.),
inadequate parenting and pathogenic family structures, and problems with peer relationships. - ANSWER
- Schemas are underlying reprisentations of knowledge that guide the current processing of information
and often lead to distortions in attention, learning, and comprehension. We hold on to schemas, even
incorrect ones, somewhat rigidly, partly because we are not completely conscious of them.
Accommodation is the changing of schemas to incorporate new and sometimes challenging information
& is a basic goal of psychotherapies. Different forms of psychopathology are characterized by different
maladytive schemas that have developed as a result of early adverse learning experiences, which lead to
distortions of thinking characteristic of anxiety, depression, and personality disorders.
Early childhood deprivation, institutionalization, and abuse are strongly associated with
psychopathologgy and poor outcomes and substantial impairments in funnctioning. This children are
more likely to develop atypical styles of attachment (most often disorganized & disoriented style).
Results: negative schemas, lack of reinforcement for positive behaviors. Protective factors such as high
IQ, talents, positive school experiences, and/or attractiveness can mediate some of these negative
effects.
Parental psychopathology can be a source of serious life stressors and cause many of the same problems
to be passed to the next generation. These stressors make the struggles & challenges of social situations
and the angling for status recessary in school relationships difficult, often leading to either withdrawal or
aggressive behaviors.
Describe the basic elements of clinical assessment, including: a) its nature and purpose, b) the
relationship between diagnosis and assessment, c) the types of information sought, and d) the different
types of data of interest. - ANSWER - The nature and purpose of clinical assessment: The presenting

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