PUBH 6011 FINAL LATEST EXAM 2026-2027 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ PUBH6011 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026-2027| A GRADE

PUBH 6011 FINAL LATEST EXAM 2026-2027 REAL

EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/ PUBH6011 FINAL

EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026-2027| A GRADE

Two differences between virus and bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER- 1. Bacteria

are a single cell and can exist on their own (no nuclei or substructures)

2. Viruses must invade a host cell and use its genetic DNA

Role of DNA in protein synthesis ?- CORRECT ANSWER- DNA acts as a

template for RNA and encodes the sequence of proteins

Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- mRNA is a singlestrand of RNA, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes read the

mRNA code to produce a chain of amino acids.

Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- tRNA brings amino

acids made by the mRNA to the ribosome where proteins are constructed, reads the

message of nucleic acids and TRANSLATES it into proteins.

Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER- Protein factories

in the cytoplasm. Binds to mRNA and reads the code in it to produce a chain of

amino acids. Catalyze the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids.

How do biological and genetic factors influence our response to environmental

hazards? - CORRECT ANSWER- Genes can determine the progression and

severity of a disease, even if the disease wasn't caused by the environment.

What is the microbiome? - CORRECT ANSWER- The microbiome are the

microbial organisms that live within the intestines, skin, and within mucus

membranes.

How does the microbiome prevent disease? - CORRECT ANSWER- The

microbiome can impact how toxicants are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body

and impact our susceptibility to disease.

Define: Environmental response gene - CORRECT ANSWER- This dictates a

person's response to certain environmental exposures, but without exposure it has

no health consequence.

Explain how environmental factors influence genetic expression. - CORRECT

ANSWER- Epigenetics - heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in

the DNA structure (genotype). The environment can change what genes are

expressed and when. Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on

or off).

Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - CORRECT ANSWER- DNA - Transcription -

RNA - Translation - Protein

Types of Genetic Mutations (two big categories) - CORRECT ANSWER- 1.

Microlesions

2. Macrolesions

Types of Microlesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER1. Base-pair substitution

2. Frameshift Mutations

Types of Macrolesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - CORRECT ANSWER1. Chromosome Aberrations

2. Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)

Explain base-pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWER- Changes the sequence of

the genetic base pairs (AT/GC) due to an interaction with an outside chemical

structure. Point mutations. Does not always change the function (but can)

Explain frameshift mutations - CORRECT ANSWER- Insertion or deletion of one

or more bases (AT/GC) in the sequence. Changes the reading frame. Almost

always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.

Explain Chromosome Aberrations - CORRECT ANSWER- Change in

chromosome structure via deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation. Benzene,

ionizing radiation can cause it.