Test Bank For Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, And Public Health, 5th EDITION

Test Bank For Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, And Public Health, 5th EDITION

Basic Epidemiologic Concepts 1 and Principles
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? 3
II. ETIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE 4
A. Stages of Disease 4
B. Mechanisms and Causes of Disease 4
C. Host, Agent, Environment, and Vector 4
D. Risk Factors and Preventable Causes 5
    1.     BEINGS Model 5
III. ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 8
A. Solution of Public Health Problems and Unintended Creation of
New Problems 8
    1.     Vaccination and Patterns of Immunity 8
2. Effects of Sanitation 10
3.     Vector Control and Land Use Patterns 11
4.     River Dam Construction and Patterns of Disease 11
B. Synergism of Factors Predisposing to Disease 11
IV. CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS 11
A. Investigating Epidemics and New Diseases 11
B. Studying the Biologic Spectrum of Disease 12
C. Surveillance of Community Health Interventions 12
D. Setting Disease Control Priorities 13
E. Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Clinical
Disease 13
F. Improving Health Services Research 14
G. Providing Expert Testimony in Courts of Law 14
V. SUMMARY 14
REVIEW QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, AND EXPLANATIONS
the data are reviewed in the Biostatistics section, Chapters 8
to 13.
The scientific study of disease can be approached at the
following four levels:
1. Submolecular or molecular level (e.g., cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, and immunology)
2. Tissue or organ level (e.g., anatomic pathology)
3. Level of individual patients (e.g., clinical medicine)
4. Level of populations (e.g., epidemiology).
Perspectives gained from these four levels are related, so
the scientific understanding of disease can be maximized by
coordinating research among the various disciplines.
Some people distinguish between classical epidemiology
and clinical epidemiology. Classical epidemiology, which is
population oriented, studies the community origins of
health problems, particularly those related to infectious
agents; nutrition; the environment; human behavior; and
the psychological, social, economic, and spiritual state of a
population. Classical epidemiologists are interested in discovering risk factors that might be altered in a population to
prevent or delay disease, injury, and death.
Investigators involved in clinical epidemiology often use
research designs and statistical tools similar to those used by
classical epidemiologists. However, clinical epidemiologists
study patients in health care settings rather than in the community at large. Their goal is to improve the prevention,
early detection, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and care of
illness in individual patients who are at risk for, or already
affected by, specific diseases.1
Many illustrations from classical epidemiology concern
infectious diseases, because these were the original impetus
for the development of epidemiology and have often been
its focus. Nevertheless, classical methods of surveillance and
outbreak investigation remain relevant even for such contemporary concerns as bioterrorism, undergoing modification as they are marshaled against new challenges. One
example of such an adapted approach is syndromic epidemiology, in which epidemiologists look for patterns of
signs and symptoms that might indicate an origin in
bioterrorism.
Epidemiology can also be divided into infectious disease
epidemiology and chronic disease epidemiology. Historically, infectious disease epidemiology has depended more
heavily on laboratory support (especially microbiology and
serology), whereas chronic disease epidemiology has
depended on complex sampling and statistical methods.
However, this distinction is becoming less significant with
the increasing use of molecular laboratory markers (genetic
and other) in chronic disease epidemiology and complex

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