Test Bank of AP Biology New Update with Questions and Answers

Test Bank of AP Biology New Update with Questions and Answers
emergent properties - ANSWER- new properties that emerge with each step upward in the
hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
negative feedback - ANSWER- a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates
reactions that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - ANSWER- a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a
variable triggers mechanism that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - ANSWER- reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - ANSWER- large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
hydrolysis - ANSWER- a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and
changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - ANSWER- protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - ANSWER- a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological
membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - ANSWER- process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - ANSWER- the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a
molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by
phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - ANSWER- a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an
electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - ANSWER- the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy
without using oxygen
gametes - ANSWER- reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body
cells
meiosis - ANSWER- a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes
decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the
production of sex cells
somatic cell - ANSWER- cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except
gametes
crossing over - ANSWER- the interchange of sections between pairing homologous
chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - ANSWER- process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied
into a complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - ANSWER- a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - ANSWER- process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts
and the remaining exons are joined together
mutations - ANSWER- random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the
sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
repetitive DNA - ANSWER- nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in
many copies in a eukaryotic genome.
transposons - ANSWER- small mobile DNA segments
homeobox - ANSWER- one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily
segmentation during embryonic development
genome project - ANSWER- Research and technology development effort aimed at mapping
and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other organisms
adaptations - ANSWER- the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to
live successfully in their environments
natural selection - ANSWER- process by which individuals that are better suited to their
environment survive and reproduce most successfully
vestigial structures - ANSWER- remnant of a structure that may have had an important
function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species
convergent evolution - ANSWER- process by which unrelated organisms independently
evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
protists - ANSWER- single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally
do not fit in any other kingdom
diatoms - ANSWER- unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated
silica embedded in an organic matrix
ciliates - ANSWER- a group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles
called cilia
amoeba - ANSWER- A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of
pseudopodia
gastrula - ANSWER- an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation
of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
cephalization - ANSWER- the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the
anterior end of an organism

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