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WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM 2026-2027 ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|AGRADE
- WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM 2026-2027 ACTUAL EXAM 2
- LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100
- QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
- RATIONALES|AGRADE
- VERSION A
- What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
- meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is acidic
- -metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the
- body or not enough base in the body
- -respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the
- body
- What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
- meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is alkaline(basic)
- -metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body
- or not enough acid in body
- respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to not enough CO2 in
- body
- What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of acidosis? - ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):
- hyperventilation- releasing CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and releasing it
- will increase the pH
- respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidney will
- increase reabsorption of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it
- increases the pH
- What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of alkalosis? - ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):
- hypoventilation- retaining CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and retaining it
- will decrease the pH
- respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidneys will
- increase secretion of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it decreases
- the pH
- What are the functions of blood? - ANSWER- -transportation of
- nutrients and hormones
- -regulation of water and pH
- -defense against infections and blood loss
- What is blood composed of? - ANSWER- fluid plasma and blood
- cells(RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
- What is plasma composed of? - ANSWER- Water, hormones, ions,
- molecules, and proteins
- What are the plasma proteins and their functions/characteristics? -
- ANSWER- albumin: 2/3 of the plasma proteins, produced by liver,
- creates and maintains oncotic pressure
- globulins: 3 types- alpha, beta, and gamma, make up immunoglobulins
- clotting proteins: 12 different types, produced by liver
- What is erythropoiesis and its characteristics? - ANSWER- -the process
- of RBC production
- -produced by bone marrow from stem cells, production is controlled by
- erythropoietin(released by kidneys)
- What are the functions of hemoglobin and its structure? - ANSWER- -to
- transport O2 in blood
- -4 chains with 1 heme group each that contains iron that binds oxygen
- What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? - ANSWER- factors
- that influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding and release
- What are the characteristics of Right Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
- dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a low affinity to O2,
- so oxygen is released to tissues
- -pH is down, DPG is up, and temp is up
- What are the characteristics of Left Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
- dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a high affinity to
- oxygen, so it doesn't release O2 to the tissues
- -pH is up, DPG is down, and temp is down
- What is hematocrit and its normal values for males and females? -
- ANSWER- -the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- -average male percentage range: 43-49%
- -average female percentage range: 37-43%
- What is the function of iron in blood, the 2 proteins associated with it,
- and their functions? - ANSWER- -iron binds oxygen, and it is
- transported in hemoglobin in RBCs
- -transferrin: transports iron along the body
- -ferritin: stores iron along the body
- What are the characteristics of RBCs? - ANSWER- -around 120 day
- lifespan
- -shape: biconcave disc
- -destroyed in the spleen by macrophages(WBCs)
- When RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, what is released? - ANSWER- -
- chains of amino acids, iron, and heme that gets broken down into
- bilirubin
- What is hemostasis? - ANSWER- the process in which our body stops
- bleeding
- What are the 2 types of hemostasis? - ANSWER- -platelet
- plug(primary): for minor injuries
- -clot formation(secondary): for severe injuries, used along with platelet
- plug
- What are the 3 steps in primary hemostasis? - ANSWER- -vessel injury
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