Quantitative Risk Analysis âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€-
Computer Forensics âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€A set of methodological procedures and techniques that help identify,
gather, preserve, extract, interpret, document, and present evidence from computers in a way that
is legally admissible
Cyber Crime âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Any illegal act involving a computing device, network, its systems, or its
applications. Both internal and external
Enterprise Theory of Investigation (ETI) âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Methodology for investigating criminal activity
Types of Cyber Crime âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Civil, Criminal, Administrative
Civil Cases âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Involve disputes between two parties. Brought for violation of contracts and
lawsuits where a guilty outcome generally results in monetary damages to the plaintiff
Criminal Cases âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Brought by law enforcement agencies in response to a suspected violation of
law where a guilty outcome results in monetary damages, imprisonment, or both
Administrative Cases âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€An internal investigation by an organization to discover if its
employees/clients/partners are abiding by the rules or policies (Violation of company policies).
Non-criminal in nature and are related to misconduct or activities of an employee
Rules of Forensic Investigation âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Safeguard the integrity of the evidence and render it
acceptable in a court of law. The forensic examiner must make duplicate copies of the original
evidence. The duplicate copies must be accurate replications of the originals, and the forensic
examiner must also authenticate the duplicate copies to avoid questions about the integrity of the
evidence. Must not continue with the investigation if the examination is going to be beyond his
or her knowledge level or skill level.
Cyber Crime Investigation Methodology/Steps âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€1.Identify the computer crime 2.Collect
preliminary evidence 3.Obtain court warrant dor discovery/seizure of evidence 4.Perform first
responder procedures 5.Seize evidence at the crime scene 6. Transport evidence to lab 7.Create
two bitstream copies of the evidence 8. Generate MD5 checksum of the images 9. Maintain
chain of custody 10. Store original evidence in secure location 11. Analyze the image copy for
evidence 12. Prepare a forensic report 13. Submit a report to client 14. Testify in course as an
expert witness
Locard's Exchange Principle âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Anyone of anything, entering a crime scene takes something of
the scene with them and leaves something of themselves behind when they leave.
Types of Digital Data âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Volatile Data
Non-volatile Data
Volatile Data âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Temporary information on a device that requires a constant power supply and
is deleted if the power supply is interrupted
Non-Volatile Data âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Secondary storage of data. Long-term, persistent data.
Permanent data stored on secondary storage devices, such as hard disks and memory cards.
Characteristics of Digital Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€1. Be Relevant
2. Be probative
3. Be authentic
4. Be accurate
5. Be complete
6. Be convincing
7. Be admissible
Admissible evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Evidence that can be legally and properly introduced in a civil or
criminal trial.
Evidence is relevant to the case
Authentic Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Evidence that is in its original or genuine state.
Investigators must provide supporting documents regarding the authenticity, accuracy, and
integrity of the evidence
Complete Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Evidence must either prove or disprove the fact
Reliable Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€evidence that possesses a sufficient degree of likelihood that it is true and
accurate
Evidence must be proven dependable when the evidence was extracted
Believable Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Evidence must be presented in a clear manner and expert opinions must
be obtained where necessary
Rules of Evidence âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€Rules governing the admissibility of evidence in trial courts.
Best Evidence Rule âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€states that secondary evidence, or a copy, is inadmissible in court when
the original exists.
Duplicate evidence will suffice under the following conditions:
-Original evidence is destroyed due to fire or flood
-Original evidence is destroyed in the normal course of business
-Original evidence is in possession of a third party
Forensic Readiness âœâ€Ã¢Å“â€An organization's ability to make optimal use of digital evidence in a
limited period and with minimal investigation costs