WGU pathophysiology D236 COMPLETE SOLUTION

WGU pathophysiology D236 COMPLETE SOLUTION
1. What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?-
: Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary
membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance
each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries)
and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid
into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect
osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the
blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as
seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the
capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to
edema.
2. How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure?: A drop in blood
pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is
converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the
enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in
urine.
3. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?: Normal levels of
potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.

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