1. Organization of the body

• Organization of the body

Proximal = nearer to the body (use only for structures on limbs) Distal = further away from the body/trunk (use only for structures on limbs)   Deep = into the body Superficial = more to surface of body   Superior (for humans)/Cranial = near to the head Rostral = nearer to the nose Cephalic = in or related to the head Inferior/Caudal = near to the tail   Lateral = away from midline body Medial = towards midline body   Peripheral = away from the center of the body (one point) Central = towards the center of the body (one point)   Anterior/Ventral = near to the belly Posterior/Dorsal = near to the back     Transverse direction = devides upper and lower body Sagittal direction = devides left and right site Coronal planes = devides dorsal and ventral (back and front)

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    Physiology = branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, form the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external environment Anatomy = the science that studies the structure of the body   Metabolism = all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of our cells (anabolism + catabolism) = All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm the cells of the body Anabolism = the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones > requires energy Catabolism = the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones > release energy     Ventral cavity = Viscera = collective term for all organs in thoraric and abdomino- pelvic cavities Thoraric cavity = chest cavity (heart, lungs) Abdomino-pelvic cavity = abdomen cavity (stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder) Dorsal cavity = brain and spinal cord   Clavicle = sleutelbeen Carpals = wrist bones Phalanges = finger bones   Cervival / cervix = neck > cervical vertabrae are superior to the rib cage   Hypochondriac = region of abdomen inferior to the ribs   Right sacral = staartbotje region  

• Skin (integumentary system) 2 / 3

  Superficial Epidermis = surface epithelium of the skin overlying dermis (contains most of normal flora, bacteria)

Stratum corneum (most superficial layer epidermis, waterproof): not

comprised of living cells oBody protection against dehydration and form bacteria in the same way that the peel of (say) an apple protects its content

oKeratinocytes: Keratin is deposited in them > protective

protein, less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of cells your body produce Makes skin waterproof and kills cells Found in claws, nails, hoofs oGlycolipid in between cells Stratum granulosum & stratum lucidum Squamous cell layer Stratum germinativum (deepest layer epidermis) / basal layer oKeratinocytes are actively dividing oMelanocytes produce melanin oDendrocytes migrate to the skin from bone marrow and become macrophages here oMerkel cells are sensory receptors of the skin   Dermis = thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin Papillary dermal layer = upper layer oThin arrangement of collagen fibers oMost superficial layer that also contains capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons Reticular dermal layer = lower layer oThicker collagen fibers  

Contains:

oBlood capillaries oHair roots oSeveral types of sensory receptors Free nerve endings or encapsulated oExocrine sweat and oil glands Sebaceous glands > produce sebum (oil) Sudiferous gland > sweat glands Eccrine/merocrine through duct Apocrine through hair follicle   Epithelial tissue = layer of cells that line hollow organs and glands oGlands = organs that produce and secrete fluids > exocrine (with ducts) or endocrine (directly in bloodstream) Deeper dermis = contains much connective tissue   Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue, hypodermis, not part of skin/integument) Network of fat and collagen cells Hairs Feathers Claws Hoofs

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