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Neuroscience summary Table of contents Lecture 1: introduction .................................................................................................. 3 Article The Basics of Brain Development by Joan Stiles and Terry L. Jernigan et al................................................................................................................................. 11 Lecture 2: perception and motor skills ....................................................................... 13 Article Visual Development by Janette Atkinson and Oliver Braddick et al. ........... 17 Article Motor Development by Ann Hallemans and Evi Verbeque et al. ................. 19 Article Nonverbal learning disability (developmental visuospatial disorder) Irene C.Mammarella and Cesare Cornoldi et al. ................................................................. 20 Article Children with developmental coordination disorders: a review of approaches to assessment and intervention by Jiaxin Gao and Wei Song et al. ....................... 21 Lecture 3: language and speech ................................................................................ 23 Article Typical language development by Judit Gervain ......................................... 28 Article Language disorders by Rhea Paul .............................................................. 28 Lecture 4: attention, memory and executive functioning ............................................ 30 Article Developing attention in typical children related to disabilities by Michael Posner et al. ........................................................................................................... 47 Article Cognitive remediation for neurodevelopmental disabilities by Steve Majerus ................................................................................................................................ 48 Article Executive functions by Adele Diamond ....................................................... 49

Article Memory: Normative development of memory systems by Antoine Bouyeure

et al. ........................................................................................................................ 49 Lecture 5: emotion and social cognition ..................................................................... 51 Article Social cognition by Cindy Beaudoin ............................................................ 55 Article The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge by Ralph Adolphs ..... 56

Chapter 10 of Social Cognitive Dysfunction in Childhood and Adolescence: Social

Cognition Development and Socioaffective Dysfunction in Childhood and Adolescence ........................................................................................................... 57 Lecture 6: assessment and treatment ........................................................................ 58 Article Neuropsychologic assessment by Alejandra Hüsser ................................... 63 Article Principles of early intervention by Olena Chorna ........................................ 64 1 / 5

Lecture 7: traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain tumors and brain infections .................. 65 Article Pediatric traumatic brain injury and abusive head trauma by Mathilde Chevignard et al. .................................................................................................... 72 Article Epilepsy by Filipa Bastos et al. .................................................................... 73 Article Searching for effective components of cognitive rehabilitation for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury: A systematic review by Christine Resch et al. ........................................................................................................................ 74 Lecture 8: genetic disorders ....................................................................................... 76

Article Brain imaging in neurogenetic conditions: realizing the potential of

behavrioal neurogenetics research by Allan L. Reiss ............................................. 92 Article A review of neurocognitive functioning and risk for psychopathology in sex chromosome trisomy (47,XXY, 47,XXX, 47, XYY) by Sophie van Rijn ................... 93 Article Neurocognitive and behavioral development in young children (1–7 years) with sex chromosome trisomy by Sophie van Rijn ................................................. 94 Article The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome as a Window into Complex Neuropsychiatric Disorders Over the Lifespan by Rachel K. Jonas ....................... 95

Article Noonan Syndrome: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management

Guidelines by Alicia A. Romano .............................................................................. 96 Lecture 9: autism and anxiety .................................................................................... 97 Article Autism spectrum disorder by Laurent Mottron ........................................... 102 Article cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents by Orri Smárason ............................................................................. 103 Article Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: A cognitive– neurobiological information-processing model by Stefan G. Hofmann ................. 104 Lecture 10: disruptive and behavioral disorders ...................................................... 105 Article Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by Kevin M. Antshel ....................... 112

Article Childhood Antisocial Behavior: A Neurodevelopmental Problem by

Stephanie H.M.van Goozen ................................................................................. 113

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Lecture 1: introduction

The focus of the specialization will be on:

✓ Introduction of the topic: brain behavior model

✓ Functional domains: brain substrates related to the functional

domain, neuro-cognition and behavior. Illustrations with behavior classifications related to the dysfunction.

✓ Specific neurological disorders: focus on diagnosis and treatment

What is clinical neuroscience?• The study of neuroscience that focuses on the fundamental mechanisms that underlie disorders and diseases of the brain and the central nervous system.• It seeks to develop new ways of conceptualizing and diagnosing such disorders and developing novel treatments.

You can look back at the lectures, they’re recorded.

Literature and PowerPoint are available during examination. Can’t bring your own.They’re on your Chromebook.• Answer in English • Asking for escape rules…

Exam • Open book in English

• Open questions: reasoning and using things, not knowing everything

Ø Order of assessment • Facts and insights (example questions on BS)

• Bases on: powerpoint slides and literature

Paper • In English • Scientific paper about neuropsychological treaments, aimed to improve neuropsychological dysfunction, related to specific neuro (developmental) disorders.

• Two options:

• Review of a neuro(developmental) disorder (ASD, TBI)
• Review of a cognitive domain (language, memory)

Requirements • 1500-2000 words….• Quality papers, peer reviewed, at least 5 recent references (2015 and later)

Should include the following aspects:

• Theoretical background • A clear question • Relevance of the research question • Description of the literature found in relation to the research question/assignment • Conclusion with a clearly substantiated answer to the question

• Implications: what can we do with this knowledge in practice?

Ø Pass or fail.Ø Doesn’t have to finish paper before examination

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Today

• Child neuropsychology
• Functional neuroanatomy
• Development of the brain

1) Child neuropsychology Neuropsychology • Relation between: brain structure/function <-> behavior: emotions & cognition (you can observe this)

Clinical neuropsychology

• Relation between: Brain dysfunction <-> behavior disorders

• Inhibition of normal development because the disorder. It’s a disorder if it’s interfering with the daily functioning.• Try to look for explanations in the brain: what is happening? How can we help to normalize or increase the function of the brain to help the quality of life of the person?

Neuropsychological model Phenotype (because of underlying genetic) – observable behavior

Endophenotype (neurocognitive outcome) (thoughts, emotions) Expression in brain function + risk factors Genotype (underlying genetic), brain function

Ø Above the line is seeable.

Ø Sometimes the treatment is not to the behavior, but underlying genetic.Ø It might not come to expression when there is no risk profile/factor.Ø We process information all day long, and we’re thinking how do we respond? -> make decisions -> with endophenotype -> some unconscious and some conscious.Ø Some people can’t make decisions and control their actions. Not being able to meet the daily situations you have to cope with. Some actions are normal for children.Ø The decision making is central in our profession. There is no behavior without decision making and the brain.

Example Learning problems

Memory dysfunction

E.g., hippocampus (asphyxia at birth)

Ø Hippocampus is vulnerable for asphyxia (not enough oxygen) at birth.Ø You can ask this to parents in an interview.Ø It’s a hypothesis, so you don’t tell parents this.

Ø You ask yourself: what could it be? 4 / 5