112 questions and answers entire book

Basic Pathology Robbins & Kumar

9780323790185 

11th edition 112 questions and answers entire book

Level: advanced 1 / 4

Contents Chapter 1: The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease................................3 Chapter 2: Cellular Injury, Death, and Adaptations..................................3 Chapter 3: Inflammation and Repair........................................................3

Chapter 4: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and

Shock........................................................................................................4 Chapter 5: Genetic Disorders...................................................................4 Chapter 6: Diseases of the Immune System............................................5 Chapter 7: Neoplasia................................................................................5 Chapter 8: Infectious Diseases.................................................................6 Chapter 9: Environmental and Nutritional Disorders................................7 Chapter 10: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System................................8 Chapter 11: Diseases of the Respiratory System.....................................8 Chapter 12: Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract.............................9 Chapter 13: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System..............................9

Chapter 13: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System (continued)...........9

Chapter 14: Diseases of the Endocrine System......................................10 Chapter 15: Diseases of the Reproductive System................................11 Chapter 16: Disorders of the Immune System.......................................11 Chapter 17: Disorders of the Nervous System.......................................12 Chapter 18: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System...........................12 Chapter 19: Disorders of the Skin..........................................................13 General Pathology Questions.................................................................13 Actual test questions (2nd November 2024 test no answers)................13 2 / 4

Chapter 1: The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

1.Q: What is the central concept of cellular homeostasis?

A: Cellular homeostasis refers to the ability of cells to maintain a

steady internal environment despite external changes, enabling survival and proper function.

2.Q: What is the role of mitochondria in cellular adaptation?

A: Mitochondria regulate energy production, apoptosis, and

oxidative stress, playing a crucial role in cellular adaptation and survival.

3.Q: Define the unfolded protein response (UPR).

A: UPR is a cellular response to the accumulation of misfolded

proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, aiming to restore normal function or trigger apoptosis.

4.Q: What are the four major types of cell adaptation?

A: Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.

Chapter 2: Cellular Injury, Death, and Adaptations

5.Q: What is the primary cause of cell injury?

A: Hypoxia, which deprives cells of oxygen needed for ATP

production.

6.Q: What are reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A: ROS are unstable molecules containing oxygen that can cause

oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids.

7.Q: Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.

A: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while

apoptosis is a regulated, non-inflammatory process.

8.Q: Name two morphological patterns of necrosis.

A: Coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis.

9.Q: What is autophagy, and why is it important?

A: Autophagy is the process of cellular self-digestion that helps

eliminate damaged organelles and recycle nutrients during stress.

Chapter 3: Inflammation and Repair

10. Q: What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. 3 / 4

11. Q: Name the key steps in leukocyte recruitment during

inflammation.

A: Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis.

12. Q: What is granulomatous inflammation?

A: A chronic inflammatory response characterized by the formation

of granulomas to contain difficult-to-eradicate agents like tuberculosis.

13. Q: Define angiogenesis.

A: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-

existing ones, critical in tissue repair.

14. Q: What role does VEGF play in inflammation and repair?

A: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis

during tissue repair.

Chapter 4: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic

Disease, and Shock

15. Q: What is edema?

A: Edema is the accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces or body

cavities due to increased vascular permeability or decreased oncotic pressure.

16. Q: Differentiate between hyperemia and congestion.

A: Hyperemia is active and caused by increased blood flow, while

congestion is passive and results from impaired venous outflow.

17. Q: What is Virchow's triad?

A: The three factors promoting thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis or turbulence of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.

18. Q: What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A: A condition characterized by widespread clotting and bleeding

due to the consumption of clotting factors.

19. Q: What are the stages of shock?

A: Initial (non-progressive), progressive, and irreversible.

Chapter 5: Genetic Disorders

20. Q: What is the difference between a single-gene disorder and

a multifactorial disorder?

A: Single-gene disorders are caused by mutations in one gene, while

multifactorial disorders involve multiple genes and environmental factors.

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