300 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

300 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES ALREADY

GRADED A+| NSG530 ADVANCED

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL EXAM 2 (BRAND NEW!!)

Malignant tumors have cells that vary in both size and shape, and they grow rapidly. They are poorly differentiated and not encapsulated.A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing?

• Tumor in differentiation
• Dysplastic
• Cancer in situ
• Cancer beyond (meta) situ

C.Early-stage growths that are localized to the epithelium and have not invaded are called cancer in situ. Cancer in situ is early-stage growth and not a tumor in differentiation but is more mature growth. Dysplastic cells do not define cancer in situ.A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. What type of tumor will be documented on the chart?

• Carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Sarcoma
• Lymphoma

B.Tumors that arise from or form ductal or glandular structures are named adenocarcinomas. Cancers arising in epithelial tissue are called carcinomas; mesenchymal tissue (including connective tissue, muscle, and bone) usually have the suffix sarcoma; lymphatic tissue are called lymphomas. 1 / 4

A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. A nurse realizes this cancer would be

documented as stage:

• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.

C.Cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as lymph nodes, is stage 3.Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1. Cancer that is locally invasive is stage 2. Cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to lung or a prostate cancer spreading to bone, is stage 4.An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing?

• Autonomy
• Anaplasia
• Pleomorphic
• Metastasis

B.Anaplasia, not autonomy, is the loss of differentiation. The term pleomorphic refers to a marked variability of size and shape. A malignant tumor has the ability to spread for beyond the tissue of origin by the process of metastasis.A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?

• Red blood cells
• Apoptotic cells
• Enzymes
• Neurotransmitters

C.Tumor markers include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies but not red blood cells, apoptotic cells, or neurotransmitters.A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased?

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 2 / 4

• Catecholamines
• Prostate-specific antigen
• Homovanillic acid

A.Liver and germ cell tumors secrete a protein known as AFP, not catecholamines.Prostate tumors secrete prostate-specific antigen. Homovanillic acid is a catecholamine marker.A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth?

• Malignant tumor
• Lipoma
• Meningioma
• Hypertrophy

A.Some tumors initially described as benign can progress to cancer and then are referred to as malignant tumors. Lipomas are benign growths, while a meningioma is a benign tumor. Hypertrophy refers to tissue overgrowth but not cancer.Which information indicates a nurse understands characteristics of malignant tumors?

• Grows slowly.
• Has a well-defined capsule.
• Cells vary in size and shape.
• Is well differentiated.

C.Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic

factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:

• release of growth factors.
• tumor regression.
• apoptosis.
• new blood vessel growth.

D.Cancers can secrete multiple factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth called angiogenesis, not release of growth factors or tumor regression. Apoptosis is cell death. 3 / 4

What is the effect of telomere caps on cancer cells?

• Repeated divisions
• Clonal distinction
• Limited mitosis
• Mutation abilities

A.The presence of telomere caps gives cancer cells the ability to divide over and over again, thus cancer cells have unlimited mitosis. Telomere caps do not give cells clonal distinction. Mutation capability is a characteristic of cancer cells, but this property is not related to telomeres.Which of the following indicates a nurse understands a proto-oncogene? A proto- oncogene is best defined as a(n) _____ gene.

• normal
• altered
• inactive
• tumor-suppressor

A.In its normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a proto-oncogene.A proto-oncogene is not an altered gene, an inactive gene, or a tumor-suppressor gene.Which genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases?

• Insertions
• Deletions
• Point mutations
• Amplification mutations

C.Genetic changes may occur by both mutational and epigenetic mechanisms.Mutation generally means an alteration in the DNA sequence affecting expression or function of a gene. Mutations include small-scale changes in DNA, such as point mutations, which are the alteration of one or a few nucleotide base pairs. The process involved with insertions, deletions, or amplification mutations is different.A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?

• herpes virus
• / 4