6464CP35 Improving Human

6464CP35 – Improving Human Performance in Practice Contents Lecture 1: Work and task analyses........................................................................................................2 Lecture 2: Digitiaton..........................................................................................................................29 Lecture 3: Cognitie Enhancement at work and at an older age.........................................................36 Lecture 4: Cognitie Enhancement in educatonn creatiity and sports...............................................56 Lecture 5: Ethics in enhancement........................................................................................................76 Lecture 6: Gamifcaton in nractce......................................................................................................79 Lecture 7: Human Error.......................................................................................................................88 WiK – 06/01/2019 Wik – 19/01/2019 – i2

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Lecture 1: Work and task analyses

Dennisn A. R.n Fullern R. M.n & Valacichn J. S. (2008). Median tasksn and communicaton processes: A theory of media synchronicity. MIS quarterlyn32(3)n 575-600.Abstract: This paper expandsn refnesn and explicates Media synchronicity theory. MST focuses on the ability of media to support synchronicityn a shared patern of coordinated behaiior among indiiiduals as they work together. We argue that communicaton is composed of two primary processes: conveyance and convergence (also influenced by other factors. MST proposed that: -For conieyance processes (= meaning): use of media supportng lower synchronicity should result in beter communicaton performance.oConieyance and lower leiels of media synchronicity will be benefcial because indiiiduals will require more tme to assess and deliberate on the informatonn using higher synchronicity may impair deielopment of understanding because indiiiduals will not haie tme to fully process the informaton.-For coniergence processes (= informaton): use of media supportng higher synchronicity should result in beter communicaton performance.oConiergence and higher leiels of media synchronicity will be benefcial. When indiiiduals haie shared mental modelsn encoding and decoding familiar informaton should be faster We identfy fie capabilites of media (symbol setsn parallelismn transmission ielocityn rehearsabilityn and reprocessability). The successful completon of most tasks inioliing more than one indiiidual requires both conieyance and coniergence processesn thus communicaton performance will be improied when indiiiduals use a variety of media to perform a taskn rather than just one medium.Article Media Richness Theory (MRT) = task performance will be improied when task informaton needs are matched to a medium’s informaton richness (later called just media richness). The ‘rich’ communicaton is most useful for when there are multple task interpretatons possible (example: face-to-face contact) and ‘less rich or lean’ communicaton when tasks is unequiiocally clear (computer contact).It is belieied that communicaton and task performance will improie when managers use richer media for equiiocal tasks (where there are multple and possibly conflictng interpretatons of informaton) and leaner media for non-equiiocal tasks The task (set of communicaton processes) needs to generate a shared understanding. This is composed of the conieyance of informaton and the coniergence of meaning.

nrior theories to MST:

-Social informaton processing theory (Fulkn Smiti & Steinfeldn 1990) = MRT is not objectie but media richness is in part socially constructed and diferent indiiiduals may hold diferent perceptons of richness -Adaptie structuraton theory (DeSancts & noolen 1994) = it is not the objectie physical characteristcs of the medium that matern but rather how those characteristcs are appropriated and used

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-Channel expansion theory (Carlson & Zmud 1999) = the perceiied richness of a medium depends not only on its characteristcsn but also on the users’ experience using itn and with each othern and perhaps also with the task and the organiiatonal context in which the use occurs -Social presence (Yoo & Alaiin 2001) = media enables the percepton of others’ presence (more cohesiie groups reported greater social presence regardless of used media) this did not impact task performance.-nsychobiological model (Kockn 2004) = humans haie eiolied to faior face-to-face communicaton. The lower the “naturalness” of a medium (computer) the greater the cognitie efort required to use it.Communication = a process in which partcipants create and share informaton with one another in order to reach a mutual understanding (Rogersn 1986). This iniolies informaton transmission and informaton processing and leads to distlled sensemaking.Conieyance processes = the transmission of a diiersity of new informatonn to enable the receiier to create and reiise a mental model of the situaton.oIndiiiduals partcipatng in conieyance processes engage in substantal informaton processing actiites so that a potentally largen diierse set of informaton can be exchanged in a iariety of informaton formats.oIndiiiduals partcipatng in conieyance processes will ofen require tme to perform

informaton processing: the cognitie processes necessary to analyie the

informatonn make sense of itn and build their mental models Coniergence processes = the interpretaton of a situatonn not the raw informaton itself.The objectie is to agree on the meaning of the informatonn which requires indiiiduals to reach a common understanding and to mutually agree that they haie achieied this understanding (or to agree that it is not possible) oConiergence typically needs rapidn back and forth informaton transmission of small quanttes of preprocessed informaton.oConiergence can require less informaton processing than conieyance when it focuses on the ierifcaton of and/or modest adjustments to existng mental models.oIf indiiiduals agree on the interpretatonn they don’t need to deiote more informaton processing to those elements than they did during the inital consideraton of the situaton when the informaton was frst conieyed.Distilled sensemaiin = generally smaller than the original set of informaton as it represents a higher-leiel framework or abstracton of the original informaton. Establishing shared understanding (which we call coniergence) is the assessment of the oierlap and similarity in conclusions drawn by others.

There is a need for both processes:

-Without adequate conieyance of informatonn indiiiduals will reach incorrect conclusions.-Without adequate coniergence on meaningn indiiiduals will lack a shared understanding and won’t moie forward.

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Media Synchronicity Theory proposed by the authors claims there is a ft between communicaton and the media capabilites that facilitate each other and leads to beter outcomes when synchroniied (synchronous = same-tme (calln f2f)) asynchronous = delay (e-mailn fax)).Coniergence processes (meaningn usually higher-leiel abstracton) oGreater need for rapid informaton transmission oLesser need for informaton processing Conieyance process (informatonn usually raw) oLesser need for rapid informaton transmission oGreater need for informaton processing Synchronicity = state in which actons moie at the same rate and exactly together. Synchronicity exists among indiiiduals when they exhibit a shared patern of coordinated synchronous behaiior with a common focus (true synchronicity = indiiiduals are working together at the same tme with a common focus).Media synchronicity = the extent to which the capabilites of a communicaton medium enable indiiiduals to achieie synchronicity.-High synchronicity : when people work together at the same tme with a shared patern of coordinated behaiior. It is associated with reduced cognitie efort to encode and decode messagesn yielding faster message transmissionsn so a message can be assessed and modifed quicklyn eien during transmission itself (immediate feedback) -Low synchronicity : when people take more tme between messages allowing them more tme for informaton processing to analyie the content of a message or to deielop meaning across messages. Lower synchronicity is deriied from a decreased leiel of interacton between sender and the recipient.Media Capabilitee Media capabilities = the potental structures proiided by a medium which influence the manner in which indiiiduals can transmit and process informaton. The transmission begins with a source (the message sender) who uses a transmiter (sofware and/or hardware) to encode or translate the message into a signal and it is sent oier a communicaton channel (medium). The channel carries it oier to a receiier (sofware and/or hardware) which is used by the destnaton (recipient).There are apparently three primary media capabilites important in deriiing a mediums ability to

support informaton transmission:

1.Transmission ielocity (channel capacity) = the speed at which the medium can deliier a message to intended recipients (e.g. immediate or rapid) it enables synchronicity

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