75 common exam questions and answers all chapters answers separately

Summary An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology J Sixth Edition 2022 Randy J. Nelson 0197542751 Summary chapters 1 - 12 An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, Sixth Edition 2022 by Randy J. Nelson (Author), Lance J. Kriegsfeld 

0197542751 / 978-0197542750

• 75 common exam questions and answers all chapters – answers separately
• 67 important core concepts you must know alphabetically
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Summary An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology J Sixth Edition 2022 Randy J. Nelson 0197542751 2 / 5

Summary An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology J Sixth Edition 2022 Randy J. Nelson 0197542751 3 / 5

Summary An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology J Sixth Edition 2022 Randy J. Nelson 0197542751 Chapter 1 The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology Red words are marked bold in the book.Behavioral endocrinology is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior and is bidirectional: hormones can affect behavior and behavior can influence hormones.Hormones are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands to influence the nervous system in regulating physiology and behavior of an individual. Hormones do not hijack the nervous system to influence behavior, they change the probability that a specific behavior will occur within the appropriate behavioral or social context.Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology Castration has historically been the most common manipulation of the endocrine system. For millennia, the testes were removed in individuals of many species of domestic animals to make them better to eat or easier to control, and the behavioral and physical effects of castration have been known for ages. For centuries, royalty employed men castrated before puberty, eunuchs, to guard women from other men.Prepubertal castration in humans leads to a characteristic physical appearance marked by short stature and long arms, sexual behaviors are unlikely to develop. Secondary male sex characteristics (such as growing of body hair and lowering of the voice) are also affected by prepubertal removal of the testes.The first formal study of endocrinology, in the nineteenth century and performed by Berthold, demonstrated that a substance produced by the testes could travel through the bloodstream and eventually affect behavior. He demonstrated that a product of the testes was necessary for a cockerel (immature male chicken) to develop into a normal adult rooster. After dividing 6 cockerels into 3 pairs, he castrated all 6 cockerels and 1 pair didn’t get additional treatment, 1 pair got 1 testis replaced in their abdomen and 1 pair got a testis of the other cockerel replaced in the abdomen. The 2 that didn’t get additional treatment didn’t show sexual behavior in adulthood, all 4 cockerels that had a testis replaced developed normal sex behavior, the replaced testes were attached to the intestines and created vascular supply. Based on this experiment Berthold drew three major conclusions: 1.The testes are transplantable organs 2.Transplanted testes can function and produce sperm 3.Because the testes functioned normally after all nerves were severed, there are no specific nerves directing testicular function

After evaluating the results of his study, Berthold had two concepts at hand:

1.Various parts of the body release specific agents into blood 2.These agents travel through the bloodstream to particular target organs What are Hormones?Hormones: substances from many different glands affecting an increasing number and range of behaviors. Hormones are released from these glands into the bloodstream where they then may act on target organs or tissues at some distance from their origin.Hormones coordinate the physiology and behavior of an animal by regulating, integrating and controlling its bodily function. An example are several metabolic hormones which work together to elevate blood glucose levels prior to awakening, in anticipation of increased activity and energy demand. This “programmed” elevation of fuel availability coordinates the animal’s physiology with its behavior.Neurotransmitters are the chemicals used by the nervous system in coordinating animal’s activities. Hormones function similarly to neurotransmitters, except that hormones can 4 / 5