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Summary Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology Robin Parritz 3e edition 9781337098113 Summary Chapters 1 - 6 Disorders of Childhood - Development and Psychopathology English Robin Parritz

9781337098113 

3e edition 2017

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Summary Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology Robin Parritz 3e edition 9781337098113 CH1 - Introduction (W36) Developmental psychopathology = Intense, frequent, and persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior considered within the context of normal development, resulting in the current and potential impairment of infants, children, and adolescents.Infant, child, and adolescent psychopathology can be understood only by placing descriptions of disorders against the background of usual emotional, cognitive, and behavioral development.Most children can en do face challenges!1-1 Defining Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Salient, Age-Related Issues of Development:

-Infancy. Major issue: Formation of an effective attachment. Additional

issues: Basic state and arousal regulation, Development of reciprocity,

Dyadic regulation of emotion.-Toddler Period. Major issue: Guided self-regulation. Additional issues: Increased autonomy, Increased awareness of self and others, Awareness of standards for behavior, Self-conscious emotions.-Preschool Period. Major issue: Self-regulation. Additional issues: Self- reliance with support (agency), Self-management, Expanding social world, Internalization of rules and values.-School Years. Major issue: Competence. Additional issues: Personal efficacy, Self- integration, Competence with peers, Competence in school.-Adolescence. Major issue: Individuation. Additional issues: Autonomy with connectedness, Identity, Peer network competence, Coordinating school, work, and social life.-Transition to Adulthood. Major issue: Emancipation. Additional issues: Launching a life course, Financial responsibility, Adult social competence, Coordinating work, training, career, and life.1-2 What Is Normal?

Descriptions of normality and psychopathology focus on:

1.Statistical Deviance (= Compared to the distribution in a particular sample, statistical deviance refers to the relative infrequency of certain emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors.). Een kind heeft een disorder wanneer het te

veel of te weinig age- expected behavior toont. Kanttekening: examine

both/one side: een kind wordt vaak gelabeld met too little empathy (not too

much empathy).

2.Sociocultural norms (= The beliefs and expectations of certain groups about what kinds of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors are undesirable or unacceptable.). Children are disordered als ze zich niet voegen tot leeftijdsgerelateerd, gender specifiek of cultureel relevant gedrag. > Er is een groot verschil tussen culturen (value judgements are the basis of disorder definitions).

3.Mental Health Perspective, theoretical or clinically based notions of distress and dysfunction. Key considerations = a child's psychological well-being. Children who have a negative quality of life, who function poorly, or who exhibit certain kinds of symptoms might have a disorder. 3 / 4

Summary Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology Robin Parritz 3e edition 9781337098113 1-3 The Role of Values Adequate adaptation has to do with what is considered okay, acceptable, or good enough. Optimal adaptation has to do with what is excellent, superior, or “the best of what is possible.” 1-4 Definitions of Psychopathology and Developmental Psychopathology Psychopathology = intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.Developmental psychopathology extends this description to emphasize that these maladaptive patterns occur in the context of typical development and result in the current and potential impairment of infants, children, and adolescents.1-4a Rates of Disorders in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence The multipart task of estimating rates of disorder

includes:

1.identifying children with clinically significant distress and dysfunction, whether or not they are in treatment; 2.calculating levels of general (e.g., anxiety disorders) and specific (e.g., generalized anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, phobia) psychopathologies and the impairments associated with various disorders; 3.tracking changing trends in the identification and diagnosis of specific categories of disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression Developmental epidemiology = Frequencies and patterns of distributions of disorders in infants, children, and adolescents.Prevalence: all current cases of the disorder. Prevalence is estimated by random sampling of the general population (surveys, questionnaires, screening instruments, assessments & clinics & teachers).

Incidence: all new cases in a given time period.

1-4b Allocation of Resources, Availability, and Accessibility of Care Parents, schools, communities, and policy makers have struggled to allocate often- scarce emotional, social, and financial resources. One continuing difficulty involves access to care.Barriers to care = Factors that impede access to mental health services, including structural barriers such as lack of provider availability, inconveniently located services, transportation difficulties, inability to pay, inadequate insurance coverage, or both; individual barriers such as denial of problems or lack of trust in the system; and sociocultural barriers such as the stigma of psychopathology or mental illness. Daarbij: inadequate money for prevention efforts is a public policy dilemma.

1.5 The Stigma of Mental Illness Stigmatization = Negative attitudes (such as blaming or overconcern with dangerousness), emotions (such as shame, fear, or pity), and behaviors (such as ridicule or isolation) related to psychopathology and mental illness.Mukolo, Heflinger, and Wallston (2010) identify:

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