ACTUAL FINAL EXAM LATEST -

ACTUAL FINAL EXAM LATEST -

WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED

CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED

A+

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occurs most commonly during the winter months, especially in regions with long winter nights. Propose a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy. - ANSWER-SAD is thought to occur in part because low levels and duration of sunlight allow excessive and prolonged secretion of melatonin. Light therapy—daytime exposure to very bright lighting—is one common therapy.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a disease that causes deterioration of the retinas of the eyes. Describe the impact RP would have on melatonin levels. - ANSWER-The retina is important for melatonin production because it senses light. Bright light inhibits the production of melatonin, whereas low light levels promote the production of melatonin. Therefore, deterioration of the retinas would most likely disturb the sleep-wake pattern because melatonin production would be elevated.

Explain why someone with a parathyroid gland tumor might develop kidney stones. - ANSWER-A parathyroid gland tumor can prompt hypersecretion of PTH.This can raise blood calcium levels so excessively that calcium deposits begin to accumulate throughout the body, including in the kidney tubules, where they are referred to as kidney stones.

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Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores? - ANSWER-cortisol

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? - ANSWER-kidneys

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla? - ANSWER-chromaffin cells

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________. - ANSWER-abnormally high levels of cortisol

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex and what hormones do they produce? - ANSWER-The outer region is the zona glomerulosa, which produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone; the next region is the zona fasciculata, which produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol; the inner region is the zona reticularis, which produces androgens.

If innervation to the adrenal medulla were disrupted, what would be the physiological outcome? - ANSWER-Damage to the innervation of the adrenal medulla would prevent the adrenal glands from responding to the hypothalamus during the fight-or-flight response. Therefore, the response would be reduced.

Compare and contrast the short-term and long-term stress response. - ANSWER- The short-term stress response involves the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which work to increase the oxygen supply to organs important for extreme muscular action such as the brain, lungs, and muscles. In the long-term stress response, the hormone cortisol is involved in catabolism of glycogen stores, proteins, and triglycerides, glucose and ketone synthesis, and downregulation of the immune system.

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What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin? - ANSWER-turning on the lights

What cells secrete melatonin? - ANSWER-pinealocytes

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________. - ANSWER-exposure to bright light

A patient's hematocrit is 42 percent. Approximately what percentage of the patient's blood is plasma? - ANSWER-The patient's blood is approximately 58 percent plasma (since the buffy coat is less than 1 percent).

Why would it be incorrect to refer to the formed elements as cells? - ANSWER- The formed elements include erythrocytes and leukocytes, which are cells (although mature erythrocytes do not have a nucleus); however, the formed elements also include platelets, which are not true cells but cell fragments.

True or false: The buffy coat is the portion of a blood sample that is made up of its proteins. - ANSWER-False. The buffy coat is the portion of blood that is made up of its leukocytes and platelets.

What are the some potential side effects of blood doping? - ANSWER-Side effects can include heart disease, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and virus transmission.

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? - ANSWER-platelets

The gonads produce what class of hormones? - ANSWER-steroid hormones

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The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone? - ANSWER-inhibin

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________. - ANSWER-prepare the breasts for lactation

Compare and contrast the role of estrogens and progesterone. - ANSWER-Both estrogens and progesterone are steroid hormones produced by the ovaries that help regulate the menstrual cycle. Estrogens play an important role in the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics. They also help maintain pregnancy. Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy.

Describe the role of placental secretion of relaxin in preparation for childbirth. - ANSWER-Relaxin produced by the placenta is thought to soften and widen the pubic symphysis. This increases the size of the pelvic outlet, the birth canal through which the fetus passes during vaginal childbirth.

What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER-Insulin is overproduced.

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? - ANSWER-glucagon

Which of the following statements about insulin is true? - ANSWER- Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane

What would be the physiological consequence of a disease that destroyed the beta cells of the pancreas? - ANSWER-The beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which is important in the regulation of blood glucose levels. All insulin-dependent

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