ACTUAL TEST Questions and Answers Solved

4 (ACTUAL TEST ) Questions and Answers (Solved)

• Anuria

Answer: absence of urination; advanced kidney failure

• Dysuria

Answer: Painful or difficult urination, often caused by an inflammation of the

bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis).

• Polyuria

Answer: Increase in urine output or production, caused by an error of renal tubular efficiency either as a result of toxic damage or an absence of the pituitary gland's

antidiuretic hormone; common causes: diabetes mellitus, chronic nephritis, and

hyperthyroidism

• Oliguria

Answer: decreased urination, often seen in shock, dehydration, kidney disease, or early kidney failure

• Hematuria

Answer: The presence of blood (RBCs) in the urine, often caused by kidney stones, UTIs, damage to the kidney, or bladder cancer

• Hemoglobinuria

Answer: The presence of free hemoglobin (Hb) in urine, often caused by caused by hemolytic anemias, Clostridium haemolyticum (bacillary hemoglobinuria

• cows) or renal disease

• Isosthenuria

Answer: Loss of ability to concentrate urine when 67% of nephrons dam- aged; a

single reading is not diagnostic (examine SG to confirm diagnosis: 1.035 in cats, 1.030 in dogs,1.025 in large animals)

• Pyuria

Answer: Presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine, usually indicating

infection

• Proteinuria

Answer: Presence of protein (often albumin) in the urine; most commonly occurs in renal disease, but can be caused by congestive heart failure or found in normal urine 1 / 3

after heavy exercise; the significance of proteinuria as an indicator of renal disease is greatly enhanced by the presence of renal casts in the urine

• Crystalluria

Answer: The excretion of crystals in the urine, causing irritation of the kidney; common types are struvite and calcium oxalate

• Nephritis

Answer: An inflammation of the kidney that may involve the glomerulus, tubule or interstitial renal tissue

• Interstitial nephritis

Answer: An inflammation of the renal interstitium (connective tis- sue that lies between the renal tubules); can be caused by Leptospira spp.

• Micturition

Answer: Emptying the bladder, urination

• Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate AKA triple phosphate)

Answer: Coffin-lid shape; uroliths are white, smooth, and crumbly; the most

common type in urine from dogs and cat; most commonly present in neutral alkaline urine; a normal finding in cats but large numbers of crystals and occasionally calculi are found in feline urological syndrome, contributing to obstruction of the urinary tract

• Calcium Oxalate Dyhydrate

Answer: Square, envelope-like appearance; hard, rough, white or yellow uroliths; most commonly present in acidic urine; appears disproportionately in Mini Schnauzers, common in normal cattle and horse urine; can be caused by excess calcium in urine (resulting in calcinuria), renal failure, and ethylene glycol poisoning

• Ammonium Urate

Answer: Brownish, pointy sphere-like appearance; small brown or yellow uroliths; appear almost exclusively in Dalmatians and Bulldogs; most commonly present in alkaline urine; can be seen in dogs (and occasionally cats) with some liver disorders and metabolic diseases

• Cystine

Answer: Hexagonal shape; usually appears in acidic urine; most commonly affects

male dogs (sex linked?); of little clinical consequence other than the tendency to form uroliths

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• Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

Answer: Dumbell or "picket fence" appearance; appear to be almost always associated with ethylene glycol poisoning

• RBCs in urine

Answer: Most commonly caused by hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis, trauma, or

neoplasia somewhere along the urinary tract (or urogenital tract in voided specimens), although may be caused by collection method (cystocentesis or catheterization)

• WBCs in urine

Answer: Inflammation, infection, trauma, or neoplasia (possible small amount due to collection method)

• Transitional epithelial cells

Answer: Usually a urine contaminant and clinically insignificant

• Squamous epithelial cells

Answer: Usually a urine contaminant, but sometimes seen in dogs with squamous

metaplasia of the prostate or an animal with a squamous cell carcinoma

• Casts (cylindruria)

Answer: Elongated, cylindrical structures formed by mucoprotein congealing within renal tubules and may contain cells

• Renal epithelial cells

Answer: Toxic damage to renal epithelial cells indicates renal damage; often its first indicator is large amounts of casts in the urine

• Pyelonephritis

Answer: An ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney

• Supernatant

Answer: After centrifugation, the liquid portion of the urine that is lying above the sediment

• How long does PCV remain normal after a massive hemmorhage?

Answer: 6 hours

• How long can it take before a PCV reflects a change in health status?

Answer: Up to 24-36 hours

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