ANP 1111 Final Exam actual Questions 100

ANP 1111 Final Exam (actual / ) Questions & 100% verified Answers

What are the 8 steps of motor control? - ---Answers----1.Premotor cortex says "I want to do this"

• Precommand areas provide timing and patterns to execute

the desired movements

• Basal nuclei are REQUIRED to start movements
• Cerebellum calculates the best way to perform the action,

and sends information to motor cortex while constantly monitoring proprioceptive feedback

• Primary motor cortex sends signals down the direct motor

pathways

• Indirect pathways assist with balance, eye movements,

muscle tones

• Lower motor neurons receive signals from both pathways
• Sum total of all inhibitory and excitatory signals determines

final response of the lower motor neuron & the skeletal muscles

What are the two types of reflex arcs? - ---Answers---- Inborn and Learned

What are inborn reflexes and what do they do? - ---Answers-- --Unlearned, unpremeditated and involuntary reflexes.

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They help us maintain posture, avoid pain and control visceral activities

What are learned reflexes and what do they do? - --- Answers----Learned reflexes are reflexes that come from practice or repetition. They can modify an inborn reflex by learning and conscious effort.

What do somatic reflexes target? - ---Answers----Skeletal muscle

What do autonomic reflexes target? - ---Answers----smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

What do stretch and tendon reflexes do? - ---Answers---- Help you smoothly coordinate activity of skeletal muscles

What does the nervous system need to know for stretch and tendon reflexes and why? - ---Answers----length of the muscle, and tension in the muscles and tendons.Both of these are important for spinal reflexes, and also give information to the cortex and cerebellum.

What is the receptive part of the muscle spindle? - --- Answers----Central region of intrafusal fiber (no myofilaments here).

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What are the two types of afferent nerve endings in muscles

and what do they do? - ---Answers----Anulospiral endings:

monitor degree and rate of stretch

Flower spray endings: Monitor degree if stretch only

What stimulates intrafusal fibers to contract? - ---Answers--- -gamma (y) efferent fibers

What stimulates extrafusal fibers to contract? - ---Answers-- --alpha efferent fibers

How is muscle stretch detected? - ---Answers----Increased number of action potentials

why is alpha and gamma coactivation important? - --- Answers----the intrafusal muscle shortens so messages can be sent to tell the brain it is shortened, while the extrafusal muscle shortens so the muscle can actually do its job.

How does the stretch reflex work? - ---Answers----1. stretch activates the muscle spindle

• sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons

in the spinal cord which excite the extrafusal fibers and inhibit motor neurons controlling antagonistic muscles

• motor neurons cause the stretched muscle to contract

which resists or reverses the stretch while efferent impulses of alpha neurons to the antagonistic muscles are reduced.

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In stretch reflexes, what pathway has an interneuron? - --- Answers----The pathway to the antagonist muscle

How does the tendon reflex work? - ---Answers----1. When a muscle strongly contracts, the tendon organs are activated.

• Afferent fibers synapse with interneurons in the spinal cord
• Efferent impulses to the muscle with the stretched muscle

decrease, causing muscle relaxation while additionally efferent impulses are sent to the antagonist muscle, causing it to contract.

Why is the tendon reflex important? - ---Answers----Protects against tearing of the tendon, also allows for a smooth on/off contraction.

How does the flexor and crossed extensor reflex work? - --- Answers----A painful stimulus is sent to the spinal cord. This nociceptor synapses with interneurons which cause the flexor to contract and the extensor to relax (On the side of pain), all while on the other side, the extensor contracts and the flexor relaxes.

What does the abdominal reflex check for? - ---Answers---- Integrity of T8-T12.

What does the plantar reflex test for? - ---Answers---- Damage to the Primary motor cortex or L4-S2 in people older than 1 Y/O

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