AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 - 2. nonbonding pairs: two paired valence electro...

AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 2

1. bonding pair: an electron pair found in the space between two atoms

• nonbonding pairs: two paired valence electrons that tend not to participate in a chemical

bond

• bond dipole: separation of electrical charge created when atoms with different

electronegativities form a covalent bond

• hybrid orbitals: orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more

orbitals on the same atom

• hybridization: the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of

equivalent hybrid orbitals

• sp hybridization: linear; bond angle: 180

a type of bonding where the 2s orbital mixes with only one of the three p-orbitals resulting in two sp orbitals and two remaining unchanged p orbitals

7. sp2 hybridization: 1. Trigonal planar structure

• sp2 hybridization creates 3 identical orbitals of intermediate energy and length and leaves

one unhybridized p orbital

• 3 effective pairs of electrons surround the carbon (double bond treated as one effective pair)
• sp3 hybridization: A type of hybridization that results from the combination of the s

orbital and all three p orbitals in the second energy level of carbon, resulting in four hybrid orbitals and occurs when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms. The geometric arrangement of those four hybrid orbitals is called tetrahedral.

• sigma bond: a bond formed when two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular

orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the two atomic nuclei

• pi bond: a bond that is formed when parallel orbitals overlap to share electrons.
• metallic solids: solids that have metal atoms occupying the crystal lattice and held together

by metallic bonding

• ionic solids: solids whose composite units are ions; they generally have high melting

points

• alloys: a mixture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
• substitutional alloy: some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of

similar sizes

• interstitial alloy: a mixture formed when small atoms fill holes in a metallic crystal

• electron sea model: Proposes that all metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute their valence
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