AP CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY

AP CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY

1. Solvent: The species that does the dissolving to form a solution

2. Specific Heat: Energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1C

3. Strong Acid: Dissociates 100% to produce H+

4. Strong Base: Dissociates 100% to produce OH-

5. Sublevel: s, p, d, and f. defines the shape

6. Sublimation: Phase change from a solid to a gas

7. Surroundings: This refers to everything outside of the system

8. System: This refers to the reaction

9. Transmittance: Light that passes through a solution and reaches the detector

10. Triple Bond: Three shared pairs of electrons

11. Valence electrons: Outer electrons which are available for bonding

• Weak Acid or Base: Dissociates very little. Remains mostly in its molecular form

13. Molality: kg solute / Liter of Solvent

14. JJ Thomson: Discovered the e-

15. Goldstein: Discovered the P

16. Chadwick: Discovered the N

17. Rutherford: Theorized the nuclear model of the atom

18. Coulombic Attraction: Force of attraction as protons pull electrons inward

19. Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT

20. Enthalpy: Delta H - (endo/exo)

21. Entropy: Delta S - (disorder/order)

22. Gibbs Free Energy: Delta G - Energy available to do work

23. Hvap: Energy required to change 1 mol (l) to (g)

24. Hfus: energy required to change 1 mol (s) to (l)

25. Endothermic: Energy is gained by the system

26. Salt: Strong Electrolyte (see vocab)

27. Alkali: Group I metals

28. Alkaline Earth Metals: Group II metals 1 / 2

29. Molality: Mol solute / kg solvent

• Raoult's Law: Ptotal = XP (X, mol fraction, and P are in terms of the solvent)

31. Graham's Law of Effusion: rate is inversly proportional to the SQRT MM

32. Gravimetric Analysis: analytical technique which involves measuring mass

33. Equivalence Point: Mol Acid = Mol Base

34. Absorbance: Light that does not pass through a solution A = abc

• Activation Energy: Minimum energy that needs to be added to a system in order for the

chemical reaction to occur

• Alpha Particle: He2+ 2 protons, mass number = 4, 2+ charge Highly ionizing particle;

Low energy

37. Anion: Negatively charge ion

38. Arrhenius Acid: Donates a H+ ion

39. Arrhenius Base: Donates a OH- ion

• Atom: Smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical

element

41. Average Atomic Mass: Average of all naturally occurring isotopes

42. Atomic Number: Number of protons; defines the atom

• Beta Particle: -1 proton, mass number =0; medium ionizing ability, medium energy

44. Boiling: Phase change from a liquid to a gas

45. Bronsted-Lowry Acid: Donates a proton, H+

46. Bronsted-Lowry Base: Accepts a proton, H+

• Calorimetry: Means of measuring the heat gained/ lost by a system during a chemical

reaction

• Catalyst: Lowers the activation energy. Consumed in one step and produced in another

49. Cation: Positively charged ion

• Chemical Equilibrium: Rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

51. Condensation: Phase change from a gas to a liquid

• Conversion Factor: Allows for the conversion from one unit of measure to another

53. Covalent Bond: Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

54. Deposition: Phase change from a gas to a solid

• Dipole-Dipole: Permanent IMF between molecules caused by the permanent dipole

moment within the polar molecules

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