AP European History Exam Review

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AP European History Exam Review

1.Benvenuto Cellini: Goldsmith & sculptor who wrote an autobiography,

famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise.

2.Condottiere: Mercenary soldier of a political ruler.

3.Humanism: Recovery and study of classical authors & writings.

4.Individualism: Emphasis on the unique & creative personally

(personality?).

5.New Monarchs: Term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of

England, and Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.

6.Rationalism: Application and use of reason in understanding and

explaining events.

7.Renaissance: The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a

transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones. 1 / 4

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8.Secularism: Emphasis on the here and now rather than on the

spiritual and otherworldly.

9.Lorenzo Valla: (1407-1457) Humanist who used historical criticism to

discredit an eighth-century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands.

10.Virtu: Striving for personal excellence.

11.Baroque: The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter

Reformation.

12.Brethren of the Common Life: Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century

Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living.

13.John Calvin: (1509-1564) French theologian who established a

theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination.

14.Charles V: (1519-1556) Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy

Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands.

15.Council of Trent: The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities 2 / 4

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that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

16.Index: A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read.

17.Indulgence: Papal pardon for remission of sins.

18.Inquisition: Religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried

heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution.

19.Jesuits: (Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-

1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. 3 / 4

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20.John Knox: (1505-1572) Calvinist leader in sixteenth-century

Scotland.

21.Martin Luther: (1483-1546) German theologian who challenged the

church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the Roman Catholic world.

22.Sir Thomas More: (1478-1535) Renaissance humanist and chancellor

of Eng- land. Executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to publicly recognize his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England.

23.Nepotism: Practice of rewarding relatives with church positions.

24.Peace of Augsburg: (1555) Document in which Charles V recognized

Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

25.Pluralism: The holding of several benefices (church offices).

26.Simony: Selling of church offices

27.Theocracy: A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the

state is subordinate to the church.

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