APA in-text citations with multiple authors

APA in-text citations with multiple authors If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”.Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations.Multiple authors in APA in-text citations Author type Parenthetical Narrative One author (Harris, 2020) Harris (2020) Two authors (Harris & Cook, 2020) Harris and Cook

(2020)

Three or more authors (Harris et al., 2020) Harris et al. (2020) Group authors (Scribbr, 2020) Scribbr (2020) Abbreviated group author • First citation • Subsequent citations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020)

(CDC, 2020)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC, 2020)

CDC (2020)

No author, date or page number Missing information in APA in-text citations

Unknown element Solution In-text citation Author Use the source title. (Source Title, 2020) Date Write “n.d.” for “no date”. (Harris, n.d.) Page number Use an alternative locator or omit the page number.

(Harris, 2020, 03:46) or

(Harris, 2020) No author If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry).The costs of solar energy have decreased by 34% in the past three years (Tesla, 2020).Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks.Apply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry.• (“U.S. Flood Risk,” 2015) • (Thinking, Fast and Slow, 2017) No publication date If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.(Johnson, n.d.).

No page number (alternative locators) Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator,

such as:

• (Liu, 2020, 03:26)

• (Johnson, 2019, Chapter 3) • (McCombes, 2016, para. 4) • (Davis, 2016, Slide 15) • (Flores, 2020, Table 5) • (Streefkerk, 2020, “No page number” section) Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even

when page numbers are available:

(English Standard Version Bible, 2001, Josh. 2:7)

Multiple sources in one parenthesis If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon.When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.Several studies have replicated these results (Brown, 2009; Porter, 2004; Smith, 2015, 2017).Avoiding ambiguity in APA in-text citations When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.Ambiguity in APA in-text citations

Situation Solution In-text citation Multiple works by the same author in the same year.Add a lowercase letter after the year.(Cooper, 2018a) (Cooper, 2018b) Different authors with the same last name.Include the authors’ initials.(H.Taylor, 2019)

(B. J.

Taylor, 2016) Multiple works with 3+ authors that shorten to the same form (i.e., same first author(s) and date).Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations.(Cooper, Lee, et al., 2015) (Cooper, Ross, et al., 2015) Citing indirect sources (“as cited in”) If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source.However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”.(Parker, 1978, as cited in Bloom et al., 2017)