BIO 102 EXAM 1 Questions and Answers Latest

BIO 102 EXAM 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update - 150 Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor

• In each neuron, what are the receptors, the integrator, and what stimulates effectors?

- CORRECT ANSWER: Receptors are proteins or glycoprotein that bind signaling

molecules known as first messengers, or ligands. Integrator: a control point where different pieces of information are pulled together. Stimulates effectors all effectors are stimulated by nerves ie are "innervated". The nerves are called cranial nerves if they exit from the skull or spinal nerves if they exit from the spinal cord.

1. What are three major functions of the nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER: a.

The collection of information from outside and inside the body (sensory activities)

• The processing of this information in the nervous system
• The initiation of appropriate responses

• What do neurofibril nodes (nodes of Ranvier) and myelin have to do with action

potentials and transmission of action potentials? - CORRECT ANSWER: myelination - The process of forming a myelin sheath by the repeated spiral wrapping of the outer cell membrane of the myelinating cell ( neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS) around a portion of a neuron's axon; this covering electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction along its length by saltation.myelin sheath - A multilayered lipid and protein covering produced by neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the PNS and by oligodendrocytes in the CNS which surrounds the axons of most neurons; this covering electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction along its length by saltation; in the periphery, the neurolemmocytes aid in the regeneration of an injured axon by forming a regeneration tube which guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon.myelinated - A term describing a neuron's axon which is insulated by a myelin sheath to permit saltatory conduction of nerve impulses = action potentials; it is accomplished by either oligodendrocytes in the CNS or neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the PNS.neurofibral node = node of Ranvier - The gaps in the myelin sheath which occur because the insulating neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) in the PNS and the oligodendrocytes in the CNS do not quite touch each other along the length of the 1 / 3

myelinated axon; it is at these uninsulated gaps that the action potential is propagated in saltatory impulse conduction.

• What is the general pattern of information flow through the nervous system? (three

main steps) - CORRECT ANSWER: Information is carried along nerve fibers by

electrical pulses generated by ionic transfer; it is digitally coded. Information transfer between nerve cells depends on the release of a chemical transmitter which acts on specific receptors on the second neuron.

• When a specialized pigment in a rod cell absorbs light energy, the energy that this

reaction releases triggers the action potential that leaves the eyeball via the optic nerve.This pigment is in the vertebrate eye. What is it called? - CORRECT ANSWER: In Rod cell (Rhodopsin), Cone cell (Photopsin)

Describe the involuntary reflex arc. - CORRECT ANSWER: A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. When a person accidentally touches a hot object, they automatically jerk their hand away without thinking.

Do interneurons lead directly to effectors without first communicating with other

neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER: Yes

Does a synaptic cleft always involve two neurons? Can the postsynaptic cell be

something other than a neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER: No, Yes

Does the forebrain contain reflex centers for breathing, swallowing, and gastric

secretion? - CORRECT ANSWER: No

How does chemical neurotransmission work? - CORRECT ANSWER: stimulation of

presynaptic neuron causes electrical impulses to be sent down the axon terminal. these electrical impulses are then converted into chemical messengers and released to stimulate the receptors of a post synaptic neuron. ... chemical messengers spill over to the sites distant to the synapse by diffusion. Conformational change

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How is sight perceived as being different from smell? - CORRECT ANSWER: Through

the wiring

In organisms that have a well-developed "higher" brain function, is the forebrain is large

and highly convoluted? - CORRECT ANSWER: Yes

Is this flow chart correct: StimulusàTransductionà Graded potentialàThreshold stimulusàAction potentialàTravel along axon à Reach synaptic junction

(neurotransmitter released)àInfo goes to CNS/Brain? - CORRECT ANSWER: No

What are synapses? - CORRECT ANSWER: Synapse is where brain cells touch or

fasten together, but that isn't quite right. The synapse, rather, is that small pocket of space between two cells, where they can pass messages to communicate. A single neuron may contain thousands of synapses.

What are the functional types of neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER: Sensory Neuron,

Motor Neuron and Interneuron

What are the major structures of the human eye and what is accommodation? - CORRECT ANSWER: cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve. The process of focusing light rays precisely on the retina.

What are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What do they do? -

CORRECT ANSWER: The sympathetic system is associated with the fight-or-flight

response, and parasympathetic activity is referred to by the epithet of rest and digest.Homeostasis is the balance between the two systems.

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER:

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What are to major communication systems of the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER:

Nervous System and Endocrine System

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