Biostatistics for the

Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences with Statdisk 2e Marc Triola Mario Triola

(Solutions Manual All Chapter)

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Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking 1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking

• The respondents are a voluntary response sample or a self-selected sample. Because those with strong interests

in the topic are more likely to respond, it is very possible that their responses do not reflect the opinions or behavior of the general population.

• The sample consists of the 1046 adults who were surveyed. The population consists of all adults.
• When asked, respondents might be inclined to avoid the shame of the unhealthy habit of not washing their

hands, so the reported rate of 70% might well be much higher than it is in reality. It is generally better to observe or measure human behavior than to ask subjects about it.

• Statistical significance is indicated when methods of statistics are used to reach a conclusion that a treatment is

effective, but common sense might suggest that the treatment does not make enough of a difference to justify its use or to be practical. Yes, it is possible for a study to have statistical significance, but not practical significance.

• No. Correlation does not imply causation. The example illustrates a correlation that is clearly not the result of

any interaction or cause effect relationship between deaths in swimming pools and power generated from nuclear power plants.

• Yes, there does appear to be a potential to create a bias.
• No, there does not appear to be a potential to create a bias.
• No, there does not appear to be a potential to create a bias.
• Yes, there does appear to be a potential to create a bias.
• The sample is a voluntary response sample and has strong potential to be flawed.
• The samples are voluntary response samples and have potential for being flawed, but this approach might be

necessary due to ethical considerations involved in randomly selecting subjects and somehow imposing treatments on them.

• The sampling method appears to be sound.
• The sampling method appears to be sound.
• With only a 1% chance of getting such results with a program that has no effect, the program appears to have

statistical significance. Also, because the average loss of 22 pounds does seem substantial, the program appears to also have practical significance.

• Because there is a 0.3% chance of getting such results by chance, the increase in scores does appear to have

statistical significance. The typical increase of 5 points suggests that the course does have practical significance.The course does appear to be successful.

• Because there is a 19% chance of getting that many girls by chance, the method appears to lack statistical

significance. The result of 1020 girls in 2000 births (51% girls) is above the approximately 50% rate expected by chance, but it does not appear to be high enough to have practical significance. Not many couples would bother with a procedure that raises the likelihood of a girl from 50% to 51%.

• Because there is a 15% chance of getting such results with a medication that has no effect, the medication does

not appear to have statistical significance. Because the average decrease is only 2 mm Hg, the medication does not appear to have practical significance.

• Yes. Each column of 8 AM and 12 AM temperatures is recorded from the same subject, so each pair is

matched.

• No. The source is from university researchers who do not appear to gain from distorting the data.
• The data can be used to address the issue of whether there is a correlation between body temperatures at
• AM and at 12 AM. Also, the data can be used to determine whether there are differences between body

temperatures at 8 AM and at 12 AM.

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