bottles has been disputed. If you were going to design a study involving collected urine from

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Chapter 1: An Overview of Analytical Chemistry

• The level of Bisphenol A (BPA; a hormone disruptor) in water stored in some plastic drinking

bottles has been disputed. If you were going to design a study involving collected urine from animals to examine this dispute, how would you state the specific question to be investigated?(A)What is the problem to be analyzed in this investigation?(B)Polycarbonate bottles (#7 recycling code) could be part of the investigation. Describe one more aspect, besides their #7 classification, that you would want to know about the polycarbonate bottles used in an investigation?(C)For this analysis, identify the sample (D)For this analysis, identify the analyte (E)For this analysis, identify the matrix (F)If the amounts of BPA levels were in the 10.6 ng/mL range, would that fall into the major, minor, or trace levels? (You must prove your choice by converting the level to a percentage that will classify it.) 2.The level of Bisphenol A (BPA; a hormone disruptor) in water stored in some plastic drinking bottles has been disputed.(A)Identify one qualitative and one quantitative observation that would likely be made during the study.(B)The following partial list provides terms that relate to common questions addressed in analytical chemistry. Which could apply to the narrative in question #1?Chemical Identification; Structural Analysis; Property Characterization; Spatial Analysis; Time-dependent Analysis.

3.Some studies have been done to investigate the possible relationship between autism and vaccinations. Using the following paragraph as a summary, answer the following questions.There has been some public concern about the safety of childhood vaccines. Some parents have questioned the possible links between vaccinations and symptoms of autism and other disorders. A mercury-containing compound called thimerosal was previously used as a preservative in some vaccines.(A)Use the summary to identify a chemical problem to be analyzed regarding vaccines.(B)Of course vaccines are important for public safety. However, side effects do exist. Suppose a certain vaccine study was tested on 7 500 people. However, after approval and use of 15 million doses, it was found that a small increase in a certain disease was detected. Was this likely an error in sample preparation or sampling? Briefly explain your answer.(C)Currently children receive about 38 shots against 15 diseases before kindergarten. (U.S.News, Feb 09) The incidences of many of those diseases, such as polio and mumps, have dropped to very low levels, however, there are also reports of 30 000 “adverse events” or significant side effects. Of the following, which is the conclusion we could accurately report?(i) vaccines are unsafe and should never be used (ii) vaccines are not properly administered (iii) the number and frequency of vaccines should have further study (iv) vaccines are always safe (v) 30 000 out of 30 000 000 (= 1 000 ppm) vaccinations represents 10% of the children being affected Analytical Chemistry and Quantitative Analysis 1e David Hage James Carr (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Answers At The End Of Each Chapter 1 / 4

Test Bank Hage/Carr Analytical Chemistry & Quantitative Analysis C. McLaughlin 2 4.(A) For the investigation described in question #3 identify the Analyte, Sample, and Matrix.(B)Using the figure shown here, indicate three areas where analytical chemistry is used in the narrative for question #3.

5.Many foods and beverages contain various levels of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). There is controversy about HFSC in foods for several reasons. After reading the following recent summary (Science Daily, Aug 23, 2007), briefly describe how the five steps of a traditional chemical analysis were used.Although most carbonated soft-drinks contain HFCS, portions of eleven brands containing HFCS were studied to determine the presence of a group of reactive compounds in the sodas that are also found in the blood of persons with diabetes.The study, testing with high-performance liquid chromatography, used solvents to extract reactive compounds from the sodas, found levels of the reactive compounds (they damage healthy tissue) five times higher in the carbonated sodas than in the blood of persons with diabetes. Cane or beet derived sugar (sucrose) did not exhibit this type of activity.

Identify the Problem:

Select the Sample:

Prepare the Sample:

Conduct the Analysis:

Analyze the Data:

6.(A) Describe one qualitative and one quantitative observation mentioned in the narrative in question #5.(B)Of the five instrumental methods of analytical techniques listed in the following table, which are used in the techniques mentioned in question #6?

• Trout fishing in states with many natural streams is a major recreational industry. However,

in 2004 Montana had to kill around 800 000 hatchery-raised trout due to contamination found in fish. The main chemical concern turned out to be polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs). A biological technique (called ELISA) and a chemical technique (less expensive) using gas 2 / 4

Test Bank Hage/Carr Analytical Chemistry & Quantitative Analysis C. McLaughlin 3

chromatography have been developed and can be applied to PCB determinations. Fat tissue from the fish was treated with a compound used to absorb PCBs for testing. The source of PCB contamination was found to be in the paint in the hatchery holding cells. Humans eating contaminated fish could encounter health problems when the contamination levels are in the 2 ppb range. Briefly provide the information for the following five components of the

analysis:

Identify the Problem:

Select the Sample:

Prepare the Sample:

Conduct the Analysis:

Analyze the Data:

• (A) Are the levels of PCBs discussed above major, minor or trace components?

(B) List one qualitative and one quantitative observation about the analysis described in question #7.(C) Describe how the analysis in question #7 could have important “time-dependent analysis” concerns.

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Test Bank Hage/Carr Analytical Chemistry & Quantitative Analysis C. McLaughlin 4

SOLUTIONS FOR CHAPTER ONE TEST BANK:

• (A) (i) The problem to be analyzed could be stated as: “Does BPA leach out of certain

polycarbonate bottles?” (B) Other questions about the bottles could be their history. Were the bottles all maintained at the same temperature? Were they all the same age? Other questions could include the treatment of the bottles during their use in the study.(C) The sample being analyzed was urine.(D)The analyte was any BPA compound.(E)The matrix could have been any other compounds found in the urine.(F) 10.6 ng/mL is a trace amount of an analyte. 10.6 ng x 1 g/1x10 9 ng = 1.06 x 10 -8

• When

this is divided by 1 gram and multiplied by 100 = 1.06 x 10 -6 %

2. (A) Qualitative Observation: BPA was detected in the urine samples.

Quantitative Observation: 10.6 ng of BPA detected.

(B) Detection of BPA depended on some chemical properties of the compound as BPA reacted with several compounds. Time-dependent analysis could be important because time may allow the BPA to accumulate in a system.

• (A) The key problem in this investigation was to determine if mercury levels in the

preservative could be linked to disease in people receiving vaccinations.(B) Although sample preparation could have been a problem, the more likely concern would be using a sample of 7 500 when the use was going to be so widespread. (7 500/15 000 000 = 0.05% of the total) When using a relatively small representation, careful selection of that group must be statistically valid.(C) iii

• (A) Analyte: thimerisol; Sample: vaccine; Matrix: compounds in the vaccine

(B) Three areas used in the analysis were: Product quality control, Clinical chemistry, Pharmaceuticals.

• Identify the Problem: Do the levels of a particular compound found in diabetics appear in

beverages containing HFCS?

Select the Sample: Eleven soft drink brands that contain HFCS.

Prepare the Sample: Solvents extracted HFCS from the soft drinks.

Conduct the Analysis: High-performance liquid chromatography on extracts taken from beverages containing HFCS.Analyze the Data: Data revealed that the level of a compound found in diabetics was present at a level five times that in beverages sweetened with cane sugar.

• (A) Qualitative Observation: The reactive compound was identified in soft drinks that were

sweetened with HFCS. Quantitative Observation: The level of concentration in those soft drinks was five times that detected in other, cane-sweetened, soft drinks.(B) Separation and liquid chromatography were used in this analysis.

• Identify the Problem: What was the source of PCB compounds entering the systems of

fish?Select the Sample: The samples to be analyzed came from the fat tissue of the fish.Prepare the Sample: A PCB- absorbing compound was used to extract the PCB for analysis.Conduct the Analysis: ELIZA and gas chromatography were used to conduct the analysis.

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