Brands, American Stories 3e Instructors Manual

Brands, American Stories 3e Instructor’s Manual 1 Copyright © 2014, 2012 & 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 1

New World Encounters, Preconquest–1608 Learning Objectives 1.1 What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before European conquest?

1.2 How did Europeans interact with West Africans and Native Americans during the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries?

1.3 What factors explain Spain’s central role in New World exploration and colonization?

1.4 How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures?

1.5 What was the character of the French empire in Canada?

1.6 Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies?Chapter Outline

I.Diverse Cultures: Cabeza de Vaca’s Journey Through Native America

II.Native Americans Before the Conquest

A. The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture

•Read the Document: Thomas Harriot, The Algonquian Peoples of the Atlantic

Coast (1588)

• Aztec Dominance
• Eastern Woodland Cultures

III.Conditions of Conquest

A. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

• Cultural Negotiations in the Americas

C. Threats to Survival: Columbian Exchange

IV. Europe on the Eve of Conquest A Spanish Expansion

• The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus

•Watch the Video: How Should We Think of Columbus

V.Spain in the Americas

A. The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed

• From Plunder to Settlement

•Use MyHistoryLab Explorer to answer, How Did Global Exploration Change the Old and New Worlds?

•Read the Document: Jacques Cartier, First Contact with the Indians (1540)

•Read the Document: Bartolome de Las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies

(1565)

American Stories, A History of the United States (Combined Volume) 3e Brands Breen Williams Gross (Instructor Manual All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) 1 / 4

Brands, American Stories 3e Instructor’s Manual 2 Copyright © 2014, 2012 & 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.VI. The French Claim Canada VII.The English Take Up the Challenge

• Birth of English Protestantism

•Read the Document: Henry VII, Letters of Patent Granted to John Cabot

(1496)

• Religion, War, and Nationalism

VIII.Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America

Chapter Summary Introduction: Diverse Cultures: Cabeza de Vaca’s Journey Through Native America The author views some of the first contacts between Europeans and Native Americans in terms of narratives. Each side brought preconceptions molded by their long histories into their contacts with other peoples, and each side was molded by contact with the other.The narrative of the voyages of Christopher Columbus, on the other hand, was told in terms of adventure. This one-sided story can be nuanced by considering contacts as creative adaptations to encompass the entire range of experiences on both sides.

1.1 Native Americans Before the Conquest America was first inhabited some 20,000 years ago when small bands of nomadic Siberian hunters chased large mammals across the land bridge between Asia and America. During this long migration, the people who became known as the American Indians stopped carrying several diseases, such as smallpox and measles, and thus their children lost the immunities that would have protected them against such diseases.The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture: During the thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans, the continents of North and South America experienced tremendous geologic and climate changes. As the weather warmed, the great mammals died off, and the Indians who hunted them turned increasingly to growing crops, bringing about an Agricultural Revolution.Aztec Dominance: In Central America, the Aztecs settled in the fertile valley of Mexico and conquered a large and powerful empire, which they ruled through fear and force.Eastern Woodland Cultures: Elsewhere, along the Atlantic coast of North America, for example, Native Americans lived in smaller bands and supplemented agriculture with hunting and gathering. In some cases, women owned the farming fields, and men the hunting grounds.

1.2 Conditions of Conquest The arrival of Europeans profoundly affected Native Americans, who could be said to have entered a new world.West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies: Contrary to ill-informed opinion, sub- Saharan West Africa was never an isolated part of the world where only simple societies 2 / 4

Brands, American Stories 3e Instructor’s Manual

3 Copyright © 2014, 2012 & 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.developed. As elsewhere, West Africa had seen the rise and fall of empires, such as Ghana or Dahomey. West Africa had also been heavily influenced by the coming of Islam. The arrival of Europeans was just the latest of many foreign influences that helped shape African culture. The Portuguese came first, pioneering the sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa in the fifteenth century. They found profit in gold and slaves, supplied willingly by native rulers who sold their prisoners of war. The Atlantic slave trade began taking about 1,000 persons each year from Africa, but the volume steadily increased. In the eighteenth century, an estimated 5.5 million were taken away.Altogether, Africa lost almost 11 million of her children to the Atlantic slave trade.Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

Cultural Negotiations in the Americas: Native Americans were not passive in

their dealings with the Europeans. They eagerly traded for products that made life easier, but they did not accept the notion that Europeans were in any way culturally superior, and most efforts by the Europeans to convert or “civilize” the Indians failed.Threats to Survival: Columbian Exchange: Wherever Indians and Europeans came into contact, they exchanged ideas, goods, crops, technologies, and so on. Part of this “Columbian Exchange” included the transmission of diseases, like smallpox and measles.As a result, the Indian population declined rapidly. For example, the Arawak population in Santo Domingo fell from almost 4 million before the arrival of Columbus to just 125 in

• An entire way of life disappeared.

1.3 Europe on the Eve of Conquest The Vikings discovered America before Columbus, but European colonization of the New World began only after 1492 because only then were the preconditions for successful overseas settlement attained. These conditions were the rise of nation-states and the spread of the new technologies and old knowledge.Spanish Expansion: Spain first vied as a world power after unification in the 1400s. The united kingdoms took on new life and prosecuted the Reconquista more fiercely than ever. Militantly Catholic, the Spanish crown pushed the last Muslim state out in 1492, forcing both Muslims and Jews to flee. The conquistadores took this religious war overseas. The Canary Islands were the first overseas possessions taken by the Spanish.

The Strange Career of Christopher Columbus: Of Genoese origin, Christopher

Columbus helped Spain to capture its American lands. Columbus went first to the Portuguese, but they pursued their goal of reaching the East by rounding the southern tip of Africa. He was more successful in petitioning the Spanish monarchs and was supplied with a fleet to sail to Cathay in August 1492. Miscalculating the distance required to reach Asia, Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean. He reached the Bahamas first, convinced that he had reached the East. In spite of three more voyages to the Americas, Columbus died in disgrace, ignorant of the fact that he had found a new continent. Amerigo Vespucci published a fictional account of his travels across the 3 / 4

Brands, American Stories 3e Instructor’s Manual

4 Copyright © 2014, 2012 & 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Atlantic and convinced Europeans that new lands had indeed been hit upon. His name was given to the Americas.

1.4 Spain in the Americas Immediately after Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, Spain and Portugal quarreled over the hoped-for spoils from what they thought was Asia. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the new lands along a line running from north to south through the Americas.The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed: To expand Spain’s territories in the New World, the Crown commissioned independent adventurers (conquistadores) to subdue new lands.For God, glory, and gold they came. Within two decades they decimated the major Caribbean islands, where most of the Indians died from exploitation and disease. The Spaniards then moved onto the mainland and continued the work of conquest. Hernán Cortés went to Mexico in search of legendary treasures. He came up against the Aztec emperor Montezuma. Helped by tributary tribes, firearms, and horses, and seen initially as a god, Cortés destroyed the Aztec Empire in 1521.

From Plunder to Settlement: The Spanish crown kept her unruly subjects in America loyal by rewarding the conquistadores with large land grants—encomiendas—that contained entire villages of Indians. In spite of these grants, the Spanish crown tried to keep direct control over their American lands. The Catholic Church also became an integral part of the administrative system, and mitigated some of the damage done by the conquistadores. By 1650, about half a million Spaniards immigrated to the New World.Since most were unmarried males, they married Indian or African women and produced a mixed-blood population. Spain’s empire proved to be a mixed blessing. The great influx of gold and silver made Spain rich and powerful, but set off a massive inflation and the Spanish crown became dependent on bullion imports.

1.5 The French Claim Canada French kings sent several expeditions to America. Jacques Cartier arrived in the Americas in 1534, and explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The region was settled by Frenchman Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec in 1608. The French settlers saw cooperation with Native Americans as the best way to succeed. French coureurs de bois traveled deep into Canada searching for furs. This led Jacques Marquette and Sieur de la Salle down the Mississippi, ultimately reaching the Gulf of Mexico. French Catholics had fair success in converting Native Americans. The French empire, however, was largely ignored by the French crown. The limited trading was easily controlled in Quebec, hindering economic growth.

1.6 The English Take Up the Challenge When the Italian John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), sailing for the English, crossed the Atlantic in 1497, England won a claim to the Americas. However, this claim was not pursued until the late sixteenth century. The English crown, though growing in strength under Henry VII and his successors, was not in a position to undertake overseas ventures.An alliance between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon in 1509 made English forays into what was perceived as the Spanish New World difficult.

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