C888 cellular and molecular bio WGU

C888 cellular and molecular bio WGU Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (78) Science Biology Biochemistry Save Study Cards C875 WGU 121 terms cassidykingsbury Preview Molecular and Cellular Biology WG...214 terms Luc-SprolesPreview WGU C190 Intro to Biology 311 terms ellen_nicole_allen Preview Transla 14 terms mig Practice questions for this set Learn1 / 7Study using Learn Protein (initiation factor) becomes attached to the small ribosomal subunit

• Methionine of the initiator tRNA is not modified
• small subunit with 10 protein initiation factors, forms an initiation complex that binds to

the 5'cap of the mRNA Carbohydrates monomerCarbon Hydrogen Oxygen Choose an answer 1Carbohydrates monomer2Types of protein molecules 3Lipids functions4initiation of translation Don't know?

Simple CarbohydratesEasily broken down: 1-2 linked sugars ( monosaccharides): fruits, vegetables, dairy, honey Complex carbohydratesLong to digest: 3-10 linked sugars (oligosaccharides), 11+ (polysaccharide): starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables LipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.Lipids functionsPromoting brain function, providing insulation and protective cushioning for organs. Support body's immune system.Nucleic acidsLong polymer chains of ribonucleic acids (RNA) or DNA Nucleic acid monomerPhosphate, a sugar (nucleotide), and a nitrogenous base

• nucleotides are(A) adenine

(T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine (U) uracil DNA nucleotideThymine RNA nucleotidesUracil DNA and RNA nucleotidesAdenine Cytosine Guanine Nucleotides functionResponsible for all genetic coding in living organisms Types of protein moleculesGlobular (compact, soluble, + spherical) Fiberous (elongated + insoluble) Primary protein structureUnique sequence of amino acids are linked together to form a protein.A carbon + hydrogen + carboxyl group + amino acid group = a variable group or "R" group secondary protein structurecoiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids Types of secondary protein structurealpha helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary protein structure3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions hydrophobic interactionsa type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. Avoid water.

hydrogen bondingthe intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule.Helps to stabilize protein structure disulfide bondsStrong chemical side bonds that can only be broken by chemical solutions Quaternary protein structureassociation between two or more polypeptide chains within one protein.

Ex: hemoglobin contains 4 subunits= 2 alpha + 2 beta

Prophasefirst and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses (so that it's easier to distribute to daughter cell with less tangling) and the chromosomes become visible.sister chromatidsIdentical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.mitotic spindlea structure that separates the duplicated chromosomes during anaphase PrometaphaseThe second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Units of the nuclear envelope are reserved in vesticles to be used later to assemble nuclear envelope for daughter cells.Metaphasethe duplicated chromosomes line up on the mid plane and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres Metaphase to anaphaseThe remaining cohesion proteins joining the sister chromatids at their centromere Anaphase (Mitosis)sister chromatids are pulled apart Chromatids into chromosomes Telophase (mitosis)chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to uncoil, spindles break down, new nucleur membrane forms.CytokinesisBegins in Telophase. division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Last step in M phase.G1/S checkpoint (restriction point)1st key checkpoint

Checks:

Enough nutrients?Receiving reproductive signal (growth factor)?Sufficient cell size?DNA undamaged?Will not allow synthesis to begin G2-M checkpointThe second cell-division control point, at which division can be delayed if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged.

• phases of cell cycleG1- gap 1 phase

S- synthesis G2- gap 2 phase M- mitosis metaphase to anaphase checkpointensures that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle and aligned properly at the equator of the cell protein kinaseenzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them CyclinCyclin dependent kinases active only when they bind tightly to regulatory proteins

G2 to M phase: control system triggers1. Cyclin is synthesized and accumulates

• Cyclin dependent kinases (cdk)associates with cyclin, forming Mitosis (cdk) and

a cdk complex 3.M-cdk phosphorylates proteins, activating those that facilitate mitosis and inactiving those that inhibit mitosis.

4.an activated enzyme complex recognizes a specific amino acid sequence in cyclin and targets it for destruction.

• When cyclin is degraded M-cdk activity is terminated and the cells formed by

mitosis enter G1

• Cdk is not degraded but is recycled and reused

DNA replication steps1) Helicase- unwinds the parental double helix 2) DNA topoisomerase - upstream of helices alleviating torsional strain 3) Single-strand binding proteins (SSBP) stabilize unwound DNA, aided by DNA gyrase.4) Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA polymerase to bind to in the 5' to 3' direction to start replication on each strand.5) DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand in 5' to 3' direction while the lagging strand is made discontinuously by primase making short pieces and then DNA polymerase extending these to make Okazaki fragments.6) DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together origin of replicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.RNA primershort segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication DNA primasesynthesizes a short RNA primer to provide a 3'-OH group for the attachment of DNA nucleotides DNA helicaseAn enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication