CCE Practice Exam 5 - cognitive therapist's initial goal would be: A....

CCE Practice Exam 5

In working with a client who has received a diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder, a

cognitive therapist's initial goal would be:

• to collaborate with the client to identify specific treatment goals.
• to make a "cognitive diagnosis" for the purpose of developing a concrete treatment

plan.

• to identify the cognitive antecedents and consequences that are sustaining the

client's multiple personalities.

• to establish a working alliance that provides the client with a sense of safety.

A psychologist conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of backward conditioning with human participants will use which of the following procedures?

• Repeatedly present the CS before the US.
• Repeatedly present the US before the CS.
• Apply an intermittent schedule of reinforcement after a continuous schedule has

been used to establish a response.

• Apply a continuous schedule of reinforcement after an intermittent schedule has

been used to establish a response.

Backward conditioning is just the opposite of forward conditioning and involves presenting the US prior to the CS. Backward conditioning is not usually effective.

A father wants to increase his son's studying and violin practice and, therefore, reinforces each behavior whenever it occurs with a token that can be exchanged later for a desired privilege. After a period of time, the father realizes that his son will never become a violin virtuoso and stops reinforcing the boy's violin practice. The father can expect which of the following?

• violin practice and studying will both decrease
• violin practice and studying will both increase
• violin practice will decrease but studying will increase
• violin practice will decrease and studying will stay the same

Removal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior typically results in an increase in another reinforced behavior. This phenomenon is referred to as "behavioral contrast."

When using second-order conditioning to establish a new conditioned response:

• the second conditioned response will not be as strong as the first conditioned

response. 1 / 3

• the second conditioned response will be difficult to establish if the second

conditioned stimulus is not similar in nature to the first conditioned stimulus.

• the second conditioned response will be more difficult to extinguish than the first

conditioned response.

• the second conditioned stimulus will produce "experimental neurosis" if it is too

similar to the first conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following best describes the difference between escape and avoidance conditioning?

• Escape conditioning is the result of positive reinforcement, while avoidance

conditioning is the result of negative reinforcement.

• Escape conditioning is the result of negative reinforcement, while avoidance

conditioning is the result of negative punishment.

• Escape and avoidance conditioning are both the result of negative reinforcement, but

only escape conditioning combines negative reinforcement with classical conditioning.

• Escape and avoidance conditioning are both the result of negative reinforcement, but

only avoidance conditioning combines negative reinforcement with classical conditioning.

From the perspective of classical conditioning, persistence of phobias is best explained by which of the following?

• The person with a phobia avoids the conditioned stimulus.
• The fear is automatically conditioned.
• The phobia represents an unconditioned response.
• The person with a phobia fears fear itself

Because the phobic individual avoids the conditioned stimulus, he/she never has an opportunity to learn that exposure to it will not result in negative consequences (i.e., that the CS will not be followed by the US). Thus, extinction of the anxiety response does not occur.

Tulving has divided memory into three types: procedural, episodic, and semantic.

According to Tulving, semantic memory:

• consists of internal representations of stimulus-response connections.
• is more affected by amnesia than procedural memory and episodic memory.
• includes rules for manipulating words and symbols.
• is coded temporally.

Children between the ages of approximately _______ years are in the phallic stage of psychosexual development according to Freud and in the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson.

• 1 to 3 2 / 3

• 3 to 6
• 6 to 12
• 12 to 15

Children between the ages of 3 and 6 are in the third stage of psychosexual development and psychosocial development. Freud referred to the third stage as the phallic stage and Erikson identified the conflict of this stage as involving initiative vs.guilt.

As defined by Piaget, assimilation and accommodation are the two components of:

• cognitive organization.
• adaptation.
• decentration.
• decalage.

According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly is first evident at about ____ years of age.

• 6
• 8
• 11
• 15

The formal operational stage is the final stage in Piaget's stage model of cognitive development. It emerges at around age 11.

Otitis media (OM) is a frequently-diagnosed childhood disease. Research on the long-

term consequences of chronic OM has found that, in general:

• it does not affect hearing ability.
• it is associated with mild hearing loss that has little or no impact on school

achievement.

• it is associated with mild to moderate hearing loss that may have a negative impact

on school achievement.

• it is associated with profound hearing loss.

The hearing loss resulting from OM has been linked to attention problems (especially attention to language) and resulting language deficits, behavioral problems, and lower school achievement. See, e.g., L. Feagans and A. Proctor, The effects of mild illness in infancy on later development: The sample case of the effects of otitis media (middle ear effusion), in C. B. Fisher and R. M. Learner (Eds.), Applied developmental psychology, Cambridge, MA, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

Research examining the effects of divorce suggests that maladjustment in children following the divorce of their parents is most likely the result of which of the following?

• / 3