CHAPTER 1: MEASUREMENT ....................................................................................... 3

1 Solutions Manual For An Introduction to Physical Science 15 th Edition Shipman, Wilson, & Higgins 1 / 4

2 Contents

CHAPTER 1: MEASUREMENT ....................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: MOTION ..................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 3: FORCE AND MOTION ............................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 4: WORK AND ENERGY ............................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 5: TEMPERATURE AND HEAT ................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 6: WAVES AND SOUND ............................................................................. 27

CHAPTER 7: OPTICS AND WAVE EFFECTS ............................................................. 31

CHAPTER 8: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM ...................................................... 36

CHAPTER 9: ATOMIC PHYSICS .................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 10: NUCLEAR PHYSICS ............................................................................. 47

CHAPTER 11: THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS .............................................................. 54

CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING ......................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 13: CHEMICAL REACTIONS ..................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 14: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ....................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 15: PLACE AND TIME ................................................................................ 85 CHAPTER 16: THE SOLAR SYSTEM .......................................................................... 92

CHAPTER 17: MOONS AND SMALL -SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES ............................ 96

CHAPTER 18: THE UNIVERSE ................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 19: THE ATMOSPHERE ............................................................................ 109 CHAPTER 20: ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ................................................................. 115

CHAPTER 21: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND PLATE TECTONICS ................... 120

CHAPTER 22: MINERALS, ROCKS, AND VOLCANOES ....................................... 125

CHAPTER 23: SURFACE PROCESSES ...................................................................... 130 CHAPTER 24: GEOLOGIC TIME ................................................................................ 135

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Chapter 1: Measurement

Chapter 1 is important because all quantitative knowledge about our physical environment is based on measurement. Some chapter sections have been reorganized and rewritten for clarity.The 1.2 Section, “Scientific Investigation,” introduces the student to the procedures for scientific investigation. Major terms such as experiment, law, hypothesis, theory and scientific method are introduced. The idea that physical science deals with quantitative knowledge should be stressed.It is not enough to know that a car is going “fast”; it is necessary to know how fast.A good understanding of units is of the utmost importance, particularly with the metric- British use in the United States today. The metric SI is introduced and explained. Both the metric and the British systems are used in the book in the early chapters for familiarity. The instructor may decide to do examples primarily in the metric system, but the student should get some practice in converting between the systems. This provides knowledge of the comparative size of similar units in the different systems and makes the student feel comfortable using what may be unfamiliar metric units. The Highlight, “Is Unit Conversion Important? It Sure Is,” illustrates the importance of unit conversion.The general theme of the chapter and the textbook is the students’ position in his or her physical world. Show the students that they know about their environment and themselves through measurements. Measurements are involved in the answers to such questions as, How old are you? How much do you weigh? How tall are you? What is the normal body temperature?How much money do you have? These and many other technical questions are resolved or answered by measurements and quantitative analyses.

DEMONSTRATIONS

Have a meter stick, a yardstick, a timer, one or more kilogram masses, a one-liter beaker or a liter soda container, a one-quart container, and a balance or scales available on the instructor’s desk.Demonstrate the comparative units. The meter stick can be compared to the yardstick to show the difference between them, along with the subunits of inches and centimeters. The liter and quart also can be compared. Pass the kilogram mass around the classroom so that students can get some idea of the amount of mass in one kilogram. Mass and weight may be compared on the balance and scales.When discussing Section 1.6, “Derived Units and Conversion Factors,” have class members guess the length of the instructor’s desk in metric and British units. Then have several students independently measure the length with the meter stick and yardstick. Compare the measurements in terms of significant figures and units. Compare the averages of the 3 / 4

4 measurements and estimates. Convert the average metric measurement to British units, and vice versa, to practice conversion factors and to see how the measurements compare.Various metric unit demonstrations are available from commercial sources.

ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTIONS

• 19 b. 13 c. 21 d. 14 e. 15 f. 8 g. 10 h. 2 i. 21 j. 1 k. 9 l. 4 m. 18 n. 6 o. 11
• 3 q. 20 r. 16 s. 22 t. 7 u. 23 v. 17 w. 5

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE -CHOICE QUESTIONS

• c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. d 12. c 13. a 14. b

ANSWERS TO FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS

• biological 2. hypothesis 3. scientific method 4. sight 5. limitations 6. greater than
• shorter 8. fundamental 9. time or second 10. one-millionth, 10

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• liter
• mass 13. less

ANSWERS TO SHORT -ANSWER QUESTIONS

• An organized body of knowledge about the natural universe by which knowledge is acquired

and tested.

• Physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology, and geology.
• Observations and Measurements.
• Hypothesis.
• A law is a concise statement about a fundamental relationship of nature. A theory is a well-

tested explanation of a broad segment of natural phenomena.

• That phenomena must be investigated, not speculated.
• Sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
• They have limitations and can be deceived.
• (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) Good luck. (Use a couple of straight edges to determine.)
• A fixed and reproducible value.
• They are the most basic quantities of which we can think.
• A group of standard units and their combinations.
• km/hour
• Yes, officially adopted in 1899.
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