CHAPTER 1 TEST ITEMS

Mays & Winfree - Essentials of Corrections – 4th Edition 1

CHAPTER 1 TEST ITEMS

Multiple Choice Questions

• At the end of 2010 approximately how many adults were under some form of correctional

supervision in the United States?

*a. 7.1 million

• 500,000
• 1.75 million
• 49 million

• What is the approximate number of adults on probation in the United States?

• 15 million people
• 2.85 million people

*c. 4.06 million people

• 625,000 people

• How many adults confined in prisons and jails in the United States does the most recent figures

from the US Department of Justice show that there are?

• 157,000
• 789,500
• 1.7 million

*d. 2.3 million

• Beginning in 2009 how did the correctional populations in the United States begin to alter?

*a. decrease slightly

• decrease dramatically
• increase slightly
• increase dramatically

• In 2010 what percentage of the US inmate population did non-Hispanic whites make up?.

• 12
• 29

*c. 35

• 57

• Since 2000, how has the incarceration rates for African-Americans and Hispanics changed?

• gone up

*b. gone down

• remained unchanged

(Test Bank, Correct Answer are marked with*) 1 / 4

Mays & Winfree - Essentials of Corrections – 4th Edition 2

• equaled those of whites

• Which acronym is used to represent unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics in the

corrections population?

• LOP
• ICE
• ROP

*d. DMC

• Which is the oldest correctional philosophies with which we deal?

• reintegration

*b. retribution

• rehabilitation
• treatment

• What is the correctional philosophy based on the idea that punishment will prevent an

individual from future law violations termed?

• general deterrence

*b. specific deterrence

• retribution
• penal harm

• When we punish an individual in order to prevent members of a larger group from violating

what would the law considered as an example of?

*a. general deterrence

• specific deterrence
• incapacitation
• rehabilitation

• What are governmental actions that manage people accused or convicted of crimes called?

• forensic psychology
• criminology

*c. corrections

• econometrics

• Complete the sentence.

In 2010, 40 percent of the inmates in state and federal correctional facilities were _______.

• female

*b. black

• drunk drivers 2 / 4

Mays & Winfree - Essentials of Corrections – 4th Edition 3

• murderers

• Members of minority groups are imprisoned at different rates to whites, in what way?

• the same rate as whites
• lower rates than whites

*c. higher rates than whites

• We don’t have enough information to make these kinds of comparisons.

• The United States has about 5 percent of the world’s population, but what percentage of the

world’s prison inmates?

*a. 20 percent

• 50 percent
• 6 percent
• 67 percent

• What is the study of punishments also called?

• psychology
• criminology
• theology

*d. penology

• The lex talionis is associated with which correctional philosophy?

• isolation
• incapacitation
• restoration

*d. retribution

• The notion that punishment should be as unpleasant and uncomfortable as possible is

associated with which movement?

*a. penal harm

• individualized treatment
• restorative justice
• selective incapacitation

• Part of which approach involves having offenders pay back a victim or the community they

have harmed in some way?

• incapacitation
• rehabilitation

*c. restitution

• reintegration 3 / 4

Mays & Winfree - Essentials of Corrections – 4th Edition 4

• Selective incapacitation policies aimed at career criminals are based on the work of which

noted criminologist and his colleagues?

• Travis Hirschi
• Edwin Lemert
• Edwin Sutherland

*d. Marvin Wolfgang

• Which philosophy has the goal of helping offenders who have been incarcerated to make a

successful transition back into free society?

• retribution
• deterrence

*c. reintegration

• restitution

• What do we call the “balanced approach’ to dealing with adult and juvenile offenders who

have been convicted of crimes?

• liberty for all

*b. restorative justice

• retributive justice
• justice and fairness

• Which of the following people is associated with deterrence theory and the concept of free

will?

• Hans Toch
• Edwin Lemert
• Cesare Lombroso

*d. Cesare Beccaria

• What is the label we apply to offenders who are believed to possess no conscience?

• neurotics

*b. psychopaths

• shoplifters
• sex offenders

• Ronald Akers has been associated with which theory of human behavior and criminality?

• control theory
• labeling theory
• differential association theory

*d. social learning theory

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