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Comprehensive Exam: BIOS 256 /
BIOS256 (Latest Update 2025 / 2026) Anatomy and Physiology IV with Lab | AP 1 - 4 Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Chamberlain
Question:
What is opsonization in the context of the immune system?
Answer:
The process by which antibodies mark pathogens for destruction.
Question:
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
Answer:
Antimicrobial proteins and protective cells activated when the first line of defense is breached.
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Question:
What is the role of sebum in the immune system?
Answer:
It keeps skin pliable and reduces chances of tears and abrasions.
Question:
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Answer:
They propel mucus out of the lower respiratory tract to be expectorated or swallowed.
Question:
What happens during isovolumetric contraction in the cardiac cycle?
Answer:
The ventricles contract with no change in volume, increasing pressure.
Question:
What occurs during ventricular ejection?
Answer:
Blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the arteries. 2 / 4
Question:
What are the two pathways that activate the complement system in response to bacterial carbohydrates?
Answer:
The lectin pathway (cascade of complete proteins) and the alternative pathway (spontaneous binding of protein to pathogen).
Question:
What are the results of the activation of the complement system?
Answer:
Inflammation, phagocytosis, and cytolysis.
Question:
What type of cell is a Natural Killer Cell and what is its function?
Answer:
A large lymphocyte that destroys abnormal or virus-infected cells.
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Question:
How do Natural Killer Cells recognize and attack enemy cells?
Answer:
They recognize and bind to enemy cells, releasing proteins called perforins that create holes in the membrane, and secrete granzymes that induce apoptosis.
Question:
What are neutrophils and what role do they play in the immune response?
Answer:
Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens; they are the first to arrive at the site of injury or infection.
Question:
What is a respiratory burst in neutrophils?
Answer:
A process where neutrophils release toxic chemicals to kill surrounding bacterial cells.
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