Comprehensive midterm exam study guide

Comprehensive midterm exam study guide

On: Genes, Cells & Evolution

126 questions and answers

Year: 2024

University of Queensland

Basis: Biology 12

th

• A Global Approach, Global Edition Neil A. Campbell

9781292341637 Pearson

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Contents Introduction to Biology.....................................................................................................................................................3 Biological Evolution..........................................................................................................................................................3 Cells and Their Functions..................................................................................................................................................3 Genetic Information...........................................................................................................................................................4 Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Enzymes.....................................................................................4 Metabolism and Energy.....................................................................................................................................................4 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Cellular Respiration...........................................................................................................................................................5

• Photosynthesis...............................................................................................................................................................5
• Cell Division.................................................................................................................................................................5
• The Cytoskeleton.........................................................................................................................................................5
• DNA Structure and Replication...................................................................................................................................6
• RNA and Protein Synthesis.........................................................................................................................................6
• Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions..........................................................................................................................7
• Cellular Respiration.....................................................................................................................................................7
• Photosynthesis.............................................................................................................................................................8
• Metabolism..................................................................................................................................................................8
• Cell Division................................................................................................................................................................8
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells..................................................................................................................................9
• Organelles and Cellular Structures..............................................................................................................................9
• Plasma Membrane and Transport..............................................................................................................................10
• Bacteria and Archaea.................................................................................................................................................10
• Metabolism and Thermodynamics.............................................................................................................................11
• Photosynthesis...........................................................................................................................................................12
• DNA Repair and Mutations.......................................................................................................................................12
• Key Experiments in Genetics....................................................................................................................................12 2 / 4

Introduction to Biology 1.What are the key unifying elements of life on Earth?oStructural order, need for energy, and ability to reproduce.

2.Who is considered the father of taxonomy?oAristotle.

3.What system did Carl Linnaeus develop?oBinomial nomenclature and taxonomic hierarchies based on morphology.Biological Evolution 4.What is biological evolution?oA process resulting in heritable changes in populations over time.

5.What is Darwin's theory of evolution?oSpecies evolve through natural selection and share common ancestors.

6.What are homologies, and why are they important in evolution?oStructural similarities due to shared ancestry, highlighting evolutionary conservation.Cells and Their Functions 7.What are the two main types of cells?oProkaryotes (no nucleus) and eukaryotes (with a nucleus).

8.What is the primary structural component of the cell membrane?oLipid bilayer.

9.Name three differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells.oDNA location, organelles, and cell size. 3 / 4

Genetic Information 10.What are the key molecules involved in storing and transmitting genetic information?oDNA and RNA.

11.How are DNA strands held together?oBy weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A-T, C-G).

12.What is transcription?oThe process of copying DNA into mRNA.

13.What is translation?omRNA is used to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Enzymes

14.What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?oMonosaccharides.

15.How are polymers formed from monomers?oThrough dehydration reactions.

16.What are triglycerides composed of?oGlycerol and three fatty acid chains.

17.What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?oCatalyzing chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.Metabolism and Energy 18.What are the two types of metabolic processes?oCatabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules).

19.What is ATP, and why is it important?oAdenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of cells.

20.What are the stages of cellular respiration?oGlycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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