Computing Essentials 2025 2024

Instructor Manual For Computing Essentials 2025 (2024 Release) By Timothy O'Leary, Linda O'Leary, Daniel O'Leary (All Chapters 1-13, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)

All Chapters Arranged Reverse:

13-1 This is The Original Instructor Manual For 2025 (2024 Release) Edition, All other Files in The Market are Fake/Old/Wrong Edition. 1 / 4

Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages Chapter 13 Programming and Languages Lecture Guide Learning Objectives oDefine programming and describe the six steps of programming.oCompare design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.oDescribe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors.oDescribe CASE tools and object-oriented software development.oExplain the five generations of programming languages.Chapter Outline To efficiently and effectively use computers users need to understand the relationship between systems development and programming.Programs and Programming oA program is a list of instructions for the computer to follow to accomplish the task of processing data into information.oThe instructions are made up of statements used in a programming language such as C++, Java, or Python.oThese can be purchased and are referred to as prewritten or packaged programs or programs can be created or custom-made.oProgramming, also known as software development, typically follows a six-step procedure known as the software development life cycle (SDLC).oSDLC-The software development life cycle consists of six steps.

Program specification: The program’s objectives, outputs, inputs, and

processing requirements are determined.

Program design: A solution is created using programming techniques such

as top-down program design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.

Program code: The program is written or coded using a programming

language.

Program test: The program is tested or debugged by looking for syntax

and logic errors.

Program documentation: Documentation is an ongoing process throughout

the programming process.This phase focuses on formalizing the written description and processes used in the program.

Program maintenance: Completed programs are periodically reviewed to

evaluate their accuracy, efficiency, standardization, and ease of use.oComputer professionals, known as software engineers or programmers, use the six-step procedure.

Step 1: Program Specification (See Figure 13-2.)

oAlso called program definition or program analysis; it requires that the

programmer (or end user) specify five items:

Program objectives - Make a clear statement of the problem that is trying to be solved.13-1 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 / 4

Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages Determine the objectives.Desired Outputs - List what end users want to get out of the computer system.Specify outputs before inputs.Input data - Once it is known what output is desired, input data can be determined as well of the source of this data.Processing Requirements - Define the processing tasks that must happen for input data to be processed into output.Program Specification Document – Ongoing documentation is essential to record program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and required processing.

Step 2: Program Design

oPlan a solution preferably using structured programming techniques:

oTop-down program design Used to identify the program’s processing steps knowns as program modules Each module is made up of logically related program statements.Each module should have a single function.The program must pass in sequence from one module to the next until all modules are processed by the computer.oPseudocode - an outline of the logic of the program to be written. (See Figure 13- 7.) oFlowcharts - graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem, known as program flowcharts. (See Figures 13-8 and 13- 9.) oLogic structures; sequential, selection, and repetition Sequential structure - One program statement follows another. (See Figure 13-10.) Selection structure - occurs when a decision must be made.The outcome of the decision determines which of two paths to follow. (IF-THEN-ELSE structure) Repetition or loop structure - describes a process that may be repeated as long as a certain condition remains true.The structure is called a “loop” or “iteration” because the program loops around or repeats again and again.oThe last thing to do before leaving the program design step is to document the logic of the design.This report typically includes pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures.

Step 3: Program Code

oWriting the program is called coding.oUse the logic developed in the program design step to actually write the program.This is the “program code” that instructs the computer what to do using the developed logic.oA Good Program What are the qualities of a good program?13-2 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 / 4

Chapter 13 - Programming and Languages Should be reliable and work under most conditions Should catch obvious and common input errors Should be well documented and understandable by a programmer other than the person who wrote it One of the best ways to code effective programs is to write structured programs using the logic structures.oCoding oAfter the program logic has been formulated, the next step is to code or write the program using the appropriate computer language.A programming language uses a collection of symbols, words, and phrases that instruct a computer to perform specific operations.Programming languages process data and information for a wide variety of different types of applications.oOnce the program has been coded, the next step is testing and debugging.

Step 4: Program Test

oDebugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors. (See Figure 13-16.)

oProgramming errors are of two types: syntax errors and logic errors.

Syntax error A violation of the rules of the programming language Logic error Occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or leaves out a programming procedure oTesting Process Several methods have been devised for finding and removing both types

of errors:

Desk checking (code review) - The programmer proofreads a printout of the program listing line by line checking for syntax and logic errors.Manually testing with sample data – Checking for programming logic errors, the programmer compares the manually calculated values to those calculated by the program(s).oProgrammer follows each program statement, performing calculations with sample data Attempt at translation - The program is run through a computer, using a translator program.oThe translator attempts to translate the written program from the programming language (such as C++) into the machine language.Before the program will run, it must be free of syntax errors. (See Figure 13-17.) Testing sample data on the computer – After syntax errors have been corrected the program is tested for logic errors using sample data.13-3 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

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