Cursussamenvatting stad in beweging

Cursussamenvatting stad in beweging

GEO1-7001

Introducerend:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd3yr1-BIM8

https://www.ams-institute.org/news/how-city-awakes/

LEERDOELEN

De student is in staat om:

• Kernconcepten als tijd, ruimte en plaats toe te lichten en toe te passen op stedelijke sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s zoals wonen, werken en recreëren.• Veranderingen in de stedelijke context te duiden vanuit verschillende (historische) visies op deze thema’s.• De wijzen waarop deze sociaalgeografische en planologische thema’s tot uitdrukking komen in en vanuit de Utrechtse context te herkennen en te interpreteren.• Op elementair niveau beschrijvende secundaire geografische gegevens te verzamelen en te interpreteren.

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Urban geography chapter 3; Urban form and structure:

• Urban form important root urban geography

➔ Studies back 19 th century ➔ Physical characteristics + why location + how development

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th century urban morphogenetic study ➔ More detailed studies urban forms ➔ Considered forces creating them Geographers, historians, architects

• studies urban form remained descriptive till 1960’s, then geography embraced scientific
• structural approaches

➔ so studies of urban development and the ‘shape’ of the city dominated by studies of function and land use

• building/space container activities (vorm+gebruik)

➔ consideration city complex physical entity disappeared

• 1980’s urban form resurgence, stimulance different disciplines around the world

Urban origins

• First cities Mesopotamia 5000/6000 BC
• Further urban growth; Indus Valley, Egypt, China, Central Andes, Mediterranean,

Mesoamerica, West-Afrika ➔ Human control; animals, crops, irrigation ➔ Defensive/religious needs ➔ Little evidence diffusion urban ideas, only Greek and Roman Empire evidence

• Model pre-industrial city: prestige buildings, religious complexes + residence elite centre

→ dominant, groot belang t.o.v economische zorgen

• Ten rings of decreasing social status, ordened by job and ethnicity
• Plan organic structure, irregular, not formal planned (but there was planning, medieval)
• Modern cities, development because of 18e industrialization and 15e colonialism

(export ideas city building) ➔ New urban centres based on exploitation resources ➔ New cities political centres colonial control/trade ➔ Existing cities colonial extensions were added Industrial city

- Burgess: city ‘social organism’, conceptualise suburbanization

- Hoyt’s: based on urban land economies

➔ sectoral pattern high rent areas ➔ high status sectors routes radiating out from centre ➔ wealthier residents moving out city centre

• Ullman: range of local conditions important to the location and clustering of various

land uses ➔ social state intervention important role Suburban areas cities great variety ➔ pace/style development related to booms and slumps ➔ house building cycles, innovation transport technology, architects, developers, planners involved 2 / 4

➔ 19

th century Europe, N-America, ≈ regular grid, easily parcel up land for sale + maximization number buildings

➔ 20

th suburb more open, organic Lonzen 1978: industrialization changes street plan, widening, straightening + breakthrough streets, new transport forms + increasing volume traffic. Skyscraper, increasing scale building forms, competition land business environment + personal ambitions.The colonial and post-colonial city

• Colonizers new settlements control points trade/rule

➔ Grid plan, only occasionally existing settlements utilized → Mexico city

• Colonizers new accommodation alongside indigenous settlements, retain distance

populations → dual city ➔ Architecture fusion indigenous(inheems)/colonial traditions

• Post-colonial independence; desire to modernize

➔ Develop economies to incorporate new industrial and commercial functions (forms Europe, N-America, high-rise CBD office + factory areas ➔ Urban convergence = urban environment becoming similar and ‘placeless’ around the world

• Socio-economic models/ Third World City

➔ krottenwijken rand stad, enclaves higher status centrum → gated residential ➔ structure pre-industrial city not suburban industrial ➔ sociale ongelijkheden, hoge immigratiegraad armere landelijke gebieden naar deze steden + woningnood ➔ steden op wereldschaal nog relatief arm en afhankelijk relaties grotere post- industriële economieën The post-modern city ➔ city not the recognizable single coherent entity anymore (post-Fordist) like the modern city ➔ more chaotic in structure, fragmenting into a series of independent settlements, economies, societies and cultures → galatic metropolis, urban form stars in space, not a metropolitan growing steadily outward of a single centre

• 6 emergent trends/’geographies of restructuring’ Edward Sonja

1. Restructuring economic base urbanization (opkomende sectoren: zakelijke

dienstverlening, technologie, cultuur, entertainment/kennis)

• Formation global system, World Cities
• Changing social structure urbanization (toenemende economische/sociale/culturele

ongelijkheden → nieuw patroon → segregatie/polarisatie)

• Emergence ‘edge cities’/’exopolis’
• Rise of ‘paranoid’/carceral architecture (protection, surveillance, exclusion)
• Radical change urban imagery, entrepreneurial city, entertainment, simulation

landscapes, imaginations of alternatives ‘dreadful reality’ cities → themed malls Fortress landscape = landscapes which are designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion → obsession control/protection (post-modern metropolis), also key feature post- modern form ‘decentering’ of the city, multiple centers/edge cities (rival/replace downtown dominance), Dubai; cities within cities, fragmented urban layout. 3 / 4

Utrecht in beweging:

→Letterlijke uitbreiding →Planologische ideeën en denken inrichting →Gemeentewerk (klusjes/vuilnismannen)

Geografische manier van kijken:

Wat is waar? Waarom is het daar? Hoe verandert het?Hoe beïnvloedt de omgeving de mens? En vice versa?• Ruimte (absoluut, relatief) ↘ als interactie (relational space) → connectie tussen plekken • Plaats (ruimte met betekenis → sociaal, politiek, cultureel, economisch) ↘ gezamenlijk, individueel • Interactie • Tijd (korte termijn: dag vs nacht, lange termijn: verandering woonpatroon, vestiging bedrijven) • Beweging (individu en plaats) Time-space prism → individu als plaats

Louis Wirth kenmerken stad:

• Grootte
• Bevolkingsdichtheid
• Permanentie
• Heterogeniteit (veel verschillende achtergronden)

Utrecht haar locatie:

➔ Traiectum, doorwaakbare plaats, gunstig

➔ Splitsing van de Rijn en de Vecht:

• Drink- en viswater
• Militair strategisch
• Handel

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