D265 Critical Thinking Exam Review

D265 Critical Thinking Exam Review Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (72) Western Governors UniversityD 265 Save

D265 - Lesson 5: Fallacies

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WGU D265 Critical Thinking: Reason...

43 terms Atraniv_98Preview Critical 57 terms sad Why is it important to think critically?Individuals can evaluate information objectively, consider multiple perspectives, and analyze complex situations more effectively Being curious and thinking creativelyNot believing things are simple and settled, being willing to go the next step and think about all relevant positions and arguments before settling into a belief Separating the thinker from the positionBeing able to discuss a position without attacking or judging the person holding the position, without getting caught up in our own attachment to a position, and without having our identities wrapped up in a particular viewpoint or opinion Having intellectual honesty, humility, and charity Being honest about what we know and how we know it. What evidence we have and what questions are not yet settled; being humble in recognizing the vast number of things we don't yet know or understand and in recognizing how very difficult it is to truly know anything at all and so recognizing the the standards are high and we, most of the time, don't meet them (and that's okay); and being charitable or having the disposition to attribute the best intentions and most sophisticated positions and arguments that we can imagine to own opponents in arguments Understanding arguments, reasons, and evidence Thinking carefully about thinking, about arguments and positions Why do you think it is fundamental to understand the definition of propositions?Proposition mirrors the world and explains how world is arranged in an orderly manner PropositionsStatements that can be true or false. This is the fundamental concept Non-PropositionsNot statements about matters of fact. They do not make a claim that can be true or false

ExhortLet's go get dinner! Let's go hiking on Tuesday!CommandGo to the store later to buy me some cheese. Don't do that.Plead/RequestWould you please stop that? Please read me a bedtime story!QuestionWhat is the capitol of Florida? How much do pineapples cost?PerformI hereby adjourn this meeting. I pronounce you husband and wife!Which Sentence is a Non-Proposition?

• If the burgular did not go out the front door, they must

have gone out the window

• The earth is the third planet from the sun
• Where are the keys to my car?
• Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world

Where are the keys to my car?Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?

• Where is the president right now?
• Did the company really close that deal?
• Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
• It has had a great year.

It has had a great year.Simple PropositionsDeclarative statements which do not contain a connective Complex PropositionsContains the connective "and" which connects two separate propositions Why is it important to break down complex propositions into parts?The concept of propositions is relevant because it allows us to state or restate claims in an argument so it can be put into logical form as the statement we make captures the same exact meaning or propositional content Simple Proposition Examples- The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Canada is $1.7 trillion

• The sky is blue
• Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens
• Harry Potter wears glasses

Complex Proposition Examples-The GDP of Canada is either $3 trillion or $12 trillion

• The sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now
• If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it

in our laws and policies What is the difference between a simple and complex proposition?A simple proposition only has one part while a complex proposition has multiple parts

Which sentence expresses a complex proposition?

• Birthday parties can be really fun

-The cat ate the food, but did not like it -Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the United States -Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible?The cat ate the food, but did not like it If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple propositions?

• If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to

buy a new one. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.

• The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a

new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.

• The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to

buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.

• The company does not have enough computers.

The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.Formal Fallacies(Form) A defect or error traceable to the very structure (or form) of the argument Informal Fallacies(Content) A defect which can be detected only by reference to the content of an argument If I set a world speed record, then I will win the race. I won the race. So, I must have set a world speed record.What form does the above argument have?Affirming the consequent If the light is red, then you should stop. The light is not red. Therefore, you should not stop. What form does the above argument have?Denying the antecedent How can you guard against an informal fallacy as a weapon of humiliation?Ensure that you have done your research and have enough relevant evidence to support your claims How can you promote the goal of connection and understanding when in discussions that can include informal fallacies or in any conversation?An informal fallacy occurs because of an error in reasoning. Fallacies can help you put claims and evidence together in persuasive ways and help you evaluate the quality of arguments that you encounter What is a fallacy fallacy?A claim that has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong What do you need to watch out for in a fallacy fallacy? Proven wrong with reasoning and further examination What value is added when you seek first to understand? People are more likely to listen before we speak

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of "fallacy" as that term is used in logic?

• A fallacy is a formal violation of a state law
• A fallacy is a false claim
• A fallacy is a diliberate attempt to deceive
• A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning

A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning What are the different types of inferences?Deductive, inductive, abductive What is the distinction between deductive and inductive inferences?Inductive reasoning is a bottom-up approach, while deductive reasoning is a top- down approach DeductionArguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion Deduction ExamplesMathmatical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition InductionArguments where the premises make the conclusion probable Induction ExamplesAnalogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, explorations Inference to the best explanation or abduction Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation.How is truth connected to propositions?By corresponding to a way the world is Valid ArgumentAn argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.Invalid ArgumentAn argument that is not valid TruthThe complete accuracy of whatever was, is, or will be, error-proof, beyond doubt, dispute or debate, a final test of right or wrong of people's ideas and beliefs ValiditiyThe internal consistency of an argument SoundnessBoth structure and truth: you must have a good structure and true premises to make a sound argument Why is it good for an argument to be valid?Valid arguments preserve truth How does the technical notion of "validity" differ from the everyday use of the world?Whether a test measures what it aims to measure