Discussion Questions .................................................................................................................................... 6

Instructor Manual: Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History, 5e, ISBN; Chapter 1… 1 © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Instructor Manual Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History, 5e, ISBN; Chapter 1… Table of Contents Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ...................................................................................................... 2 Cengage Supplements................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments .................................................................................. 2 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Discussion Questions .................................................................................................................................... 6

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Instructor Manual: Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History, 5e, ISBN; Chapter 1… 2 © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the visual arts and built environments of the earliest human civilizations, from the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras, the cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia, to the range of kingdoms and periods of Ancient Egypt. The chapter surveys the development of artistic techniques, materials, and styles and explores the built environments produced by these early civilizations.Chapter Objectives

The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:

1.1 Discuss the possible reasons for Paleolithic humans' decision to represent the world around them.

1.2 Compare the pictorial conventions employed in Paleolithic and Neolithic art.

1.3 Explain how shifting social systems contributed to the differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic art.

1.4 Explain the relationship of art, architecture, and religion in ancient Mesopotamian and Persia.

1.5 Discuss the funerary function and content of Egyptian art and architecture.

1.6 Understand the role of the Nile River in Egyptian life as well as Egyptian art and architecture.

1.7 Contrast the primary building materials of early Mesopotamian and early Egyptian architecture.

1.8 Identify examples of intercultural contact between Egypt and other ancient civilizations.Cengage Supplements The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in preparing your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.• Infuse Concept Checks and Chapter Quizzing • Cognero Testbanks • Chapter PPT Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments For additional guidance refer to the Teaching Online Guide.PowerPoint Infuse Concept Checks Infuse Chapter Quizzing Cognero Testbanks Chapter 1 Chapter 1, nos. 1-3 Chapter 1 Quiz Chapter 1 Testbank

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Instructor Manual: Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History, 5e, ISBN; Chapter 1… 3 © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.[return to top] Chapter Outline In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. “CO CH.##” refers to the chapter objective; “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource Center).Introduce the chapter and use the Discussion Questions in the Powerpoints. Review learning objectives for Chapter 1 (PPT Slides 1-38a).

• Prehistory: Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages (CO 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, PPT Slides #1-14)

a. Paleolithic Age: Dating from 40,000-9000 BCE, humans in the Paleolithic age

created the first sculptures and paintings, from tiny figurines to life-size paintings on cave walls.

• Among the oldest sculptures discovered to date is a carved limestone

figurine of a woman nicknamed the Venus of Willendorf, ca. 28,000- 25,000 BCE. Most paleolithic figurines depict females, which may indicate the importance of the child-bearing capabilities of women for the survival of the species.ii. Paleolithic paintings on cave walls, such as those at Pech-Merle and Lascaux, France, depict animals including horses and bison, typically in profile or twisted profile, a composite view in which the animal heads are in profile while the horns are shown frontally.iii. One painting in the cave at Lascaux depicts a wooly rhinoceros, a disemboweled bison, and what appears to be a wounded man, one of the earliest recorded depictions of a male figure in the era.

b. Neolithic Age: This age dates from 8000-3500 BCE, when the first settled

communities appear. In this age we find the first large-scale sculptures, such as Stonehenge, and the earliest paintings with coherent narratives.

• At the Neolithic settlement at Çatal Höyük, archeologists have

discovered houses with walls decorated with mural paintings depicting human figures, singly and in groups. These figural representations are markedly different from painted figures of the Paleolithic era. They are found in greater number and the figures possess descriptive details and facial features. Additionally, the figures are depicted in composite view, with some of the body’s constituent parts shown in profile and others depicted frontally. Art historians call this early approach conceptual representation, meaning that the artist sought to capture a combination of the human form’s distinguishing and fixed properties, rather than employing optical representation, or figuration from a fixed point.ii. The neolithic period yields megalithic monuments throughout Europe.Arrangements of huge stones in a circle, or henges, are found almost 3 / 4

Instructor Manual: Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History, 5e, ISBN; Chapter 1… 4 © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.exclusively in Britain. Stonehenge, located on the Salisbury Plain, probably functioned as an astronomical observatory and solar calendar.

• Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia (CO 1.4, PPT Slides #15 - 30)

Mesopotamia, the “fertile crescent” ranging geographically from present-day Turkey and Syria through Iraq to Iran’s Zagros Mountain range, yielded the world’s earliest complex civilizations.

• Sumerians and Akkadians
• Ancient Sumer was comprised of independent city-states built around

a temple complex devoted to the state’s chief god. One of the largest of these temples is the 50-foot-tall ziggurat at Ur, ca. 2100 BCE. The Warka Vase is the first great work of relief sculpture, found in the precinct of the goddess Inanna at uruk. It depicts a religious ceremony with the action divided into three bands called registers or friezes, with all figures on a common ground line.II. The city of Akkad derives its name from Sargon of Akkad, ruler of Sumer in 2332 BCE. Much Akkadian art celebrates the power of the kings of Akkad, as in the hollow-cast sculptural head of an Akkadian king from the Temple of Ishtar, Nineveh, Iraq; it captures the king’s distinctive features while also displaying rhythmic, abstract patterns.

• Babylonians and Assyrians
• The city of Babylon established a centralized government that ruled

southern Mesopotamia in the 18 th and 17 th centuries BCE. The basalt stele of the Babylonian king Hammurabi contains the king’s written laws, in addition to a representation of Hammurabi standing before Shamash, the flame-shouldered sun god.II. By 900 BCE, the Assyrians had overtaken Mesopotamia. Major artworks of the Assyrians include the remains of the royal citadel of Sargon II, with its strong defensive walls and gateway guarded by carved lamassu, or man-headed winged bulls; and a carved relief from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II, which exalts the king and recounts the conquest over his enemies.

• Achaemenid Persia
• The Achaemenid Dynasty was founded by Cyrus of Persia, who

captured Babylon in 539 BCE. The successors of Cyrus built the citadel at Persepolis, an enormous complex built of colossal columns surrounding a royal audience hall, or apadana, which could accommodate 10,000 guests at one time.II. Ancient Egypt (CO 1.5-1.8, PPT Slides #31 - 52)

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