DSW Exam 2 Review actual solution

DSW Exam 2 Review actual solution (Salkind 6,7,8)

The _____ is the potential causal variable in a nonexperimental design. - predictor variable

_____ is a detailed series of steps that lets the researcher know the order in which to administer the study and provides a script of what the researcher should say and do. - A research protocol

What is a scientific law? - a statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes some aspect of the world

Endorsement of horoscopes is likely the result of: - the Barnum effect

Garrick wants to understand how soldiers are affected by their time at war. To do this, he assesses military personal as they complete boot camp and then again after they complete their first tour of duty. Garrick has chosen to use which type of research design? - longitudinal

When is the ethical review of a study by the IRB conducted? - before data collection

What is a scientific theory? - a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observation and experimentation

The text describes work by Dr. Benjamin Rush, a famous 18th century American physician, who hypothesized that bloodletting was the best treatment for those suffering from a high fever. Dr. Rush's technique, which was often more dangerous than the fever itself, demonstrates how _____ may be an issue for hypotheses that are not falsifiable. - confirmation bias

Which of the following is an ethical obligation of psychological studies? - informed consent

Which of the following is designed to ensure that participants take part in the study voluntarily? - informed consent

Psychology has _____ scientific laws and _____ scientific theories. - few; many

Predictor variables are also known as: - explanatory variables

A _____ is an element that the experimenter expects to change, vary, or that can have several different values, whereas a _____ is a factor that does not change and remains consistent. - variable; constant

In a nonexperimental design the ____ is the potential causal variable, whereas the _____ is the outcome variable. - predictor; criterion

Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that ______. - the null hypothesis is true

Hypothesis testing relates to _______. - the sample

Which is formulated second? - research hypothesis

If you were to hypothesize that communication students and history students will differ on their oral communication measures, you would have a ______. - nondirectional research hypothesis

Which of the following symbols represents the theoretical average of the population for one group? - X1

What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study? - null hypothesis

What does your research question help to guide? - hypothesis

The _______ is defined as an "educated guess" that describes the relationship between variables. - hypothesis

If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores from Classroom B, you would have a _______. - directional research hypothesis

The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the _______. - population; sample

A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a _______. - research hypothesis

Which of the following can only be tested indirectly? - the null hypothesis

Optimally, it is possible to generalize your results from _______ to _______. - your sample; a larger population

The _______ is a more testable version of a research question. - -hypothesis

Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis? - H1: X1 ¹ X2?

Which of the following represents a research hypothesis? - H1: X1 < X2

What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness? - symmetry

What percentage of all scores fall below a z score of +1? - 84%

The entire normal curve contains _______ of scores. - 100%

z scores that fall below the mean are _______. - negative

What do you need to calculate first before calculating skewness? - mean and median

z scores that fall above the mean are _______. - positive

What types of values are most likely to be seen? - Values very close to the mean

When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?

• The population is normally distributed

If you fold a normal curve, each half would fit perfectly on top of the other. This characteristic is known as _______. - symmetry

What type of standard score is computed by multiplying the z score by 10 and adding 50? - t score

The fact that the tails of a normal distribution never touch the horizontal axis relates to

the following property: ______. - asymptotic

In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher? - 16%

Kurtosis is used to ______. - describe the shape of the distribution

What is true of z scores that are equal to the mean? - they are equal to zero

What is the term associated with the lack of symmetry in a distribution? - ogive

Under the normal curve, if a z score of 1.65 included 45% of the area above the mean, what percentage would remain above 1.65 on the x-axis? - 5%

If a distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 25, how many standard deviations is 0 from the mean? - -2

List and describe two ways to generate a good research hypothesis. - A good hypothesis should be written in the declarative form, specific, not wordy, relate to a theory, describe a relationship between variables and be falsifiable (testable).

Riya would like to empirically test whether there is a heaven. Explain why this would NOT be a good research question. - This not a good research question because heaven is not measurable