Essentials of Biology, 6e 1-1

Essentials of Biology, 6e 1-1 Copyright © 2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Mader: Essentials of Biology, 6e

Instructor’s Manual

Chapter 1 Biology: The Science of Life

Learning Outcomes

1.1 The Characteristics of Life

• Explain the basic characteristics that are common to all living organisms.
• Distinguish between the levels of biological organization.
• Summarize how the terms homeostasis, metabolism, and adaptation relate to all living

organisms.

• Contrast chemical cycling and energy flow within an ecosystem.

1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology

• Define the term evolution.
• Explain the process of natural selection and its relationship to evolutionary processes.
• Summarize the general characteristics of the domains and major kingdoms of life.

1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing

• Identify the steps of the scientific method.
• Describe the basic requirements for a controlled experiment.
• Distinguish between a theory and a hypothesis.

1.4 Challenges Facing Science

• Distinguish between science and technology.
• Summarize some of the major challenges currently facing science.

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Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Life

Essentials of Biology, 6e 1-2 Copyright © 2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Extended Lecture Outline

1.1. The Characteristics of Life

Living organisms are organized from the cell as the basic unit of life to tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organisms are further organized through populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Species are defined as interbreeding individuals that produce viable and fertile offspring.Life Requires Materials and Energy All life needs the input of energy beginning with the capture of solar energy by photosynthetic organisms (producers) such as plants. Energy is the capacity to do work, which is necessary to maintain organization. Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell, and photosynthesis refers to the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy in nutrient molecules. Energy flows from the sun to photosynthetic organisms and then to other members of a food chain as they feed. As energy is transferred from one organism to the next, some energy is lost as heat. Death and decomposition enable inorganic nutrients to be reused by producers.Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment Living organisms need to keep themselves stable in temperature, moisture level, acidity, and other factors that are critical to maintaining life. The maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries is called homeostasis.Living Organisms Respond All living organisms respond in some fashion to their environment.Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop All living organisms produce offspring, passing on genes (located on DNA) that control how the offspring develops. This process is called reproduction.Living Organisms Have Adaptations Living organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in certain environments.Evolution is the process by which species become adapted to their environments.

1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology

All organisms share the same basic characteristics, suggesting that they share a common ancestor—the first cell or cells. Changes in a population occur over time and passing on those changes to the next generation takes place when evolution occurs. 2 / 3

Chapter 01—Biology: The Science of Life

Essentials of Biology, 6e 1-3 Copyright © 2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes Natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. Adaptations that result in greater reproductive success appear more frequently in a population as evolution takes place. Through evolution (common descent with modification), one species can be the common ancestor to multiple species, each of which has adaptations suited to a specific environment.The overuse of antibiotics serves as a selective agent for bacteria resistant to the antibiotics, leading to an increased number of bacteria that are resistant and a greater number of infections that cannot be treated with once-effective antibiotics.Organizing the Diversity of Life Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms, and systematics involves determining the evolutionary relationship between organisms.Classification includes species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain from the least inclusive to the most inclusive. Three domains exist based on biochemical evidence; they are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotes. Kingdoms of protists, fungi, plants, and animals are found in the Eukarya domain. Organisms are identified using scientifically based binomial names.

1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing

The scientific method is typically used to study the natural world.Start with an Observation Observation, the first step in the scientific method, includes an individual’s observations, as well as observations of other scientists found in scientific literature. Instrumentation extends a scientist’s ability to observe.Develop a Hypothesis Hypotheses are often proposed and conclusions are often provided using inductive reasoning.Make a Prediction and Perform Experiments Experimental design includes an experimental variable and a control group. Models are often used. Data collected is often mathematical.Develop a Conclusion Based on the experimental data, conclusions can be drawn as to whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Experiments must be repeatable.Scientific Theory

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