Exam 1 Latest Update -

Maryville NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Latest Update - 200 Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor

Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER: A programmed cell death that is regulated or

programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations

Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship> and is influenced by which 3

things? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- reciprocal

2- PTH, calcitonin, and vit D

causes of hypermagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- renal insufficiency or failure

(most common) 2- excessive intake of mag antacids 3- adrenal insufficiency

causes of hyperphosphatemia - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- acute or chronic renal failure

2-treatment of metastatic tumors with chemo that releases large amounts of phosphate 3- long term use of laxatives/enemas 4- hypoparathyroidism

causes of hypocalcemia? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- Hypoalbuminemia

2- massive blood administration 3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels 4- malnutrition 5-alkalosis 6-elevated calcitonin level 7-pancreatitis 1 / 3

8- inadequate GI absorption

causes of hypomagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- malnutrition

2-alcoholism 3-malabsorption syndrome 4- urinary losses

Causes of metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- vomiting

2-NG suctioning 3-Hypokalemia 4-diuretic therapy excess HCO3 intake

causes of resp. alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- hyperventilation

2- stroke, septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, brain injury 3- mechanical hyperventilation

cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - CORRECT ANSWER: ATP

functions as the energy-transferring molecule

Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? - CORRECT ANSWER: autosomal

recessive

During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - CORRECT ANSWER: a reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular swelling

Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER: hypertrophy of

myocardial cells from endurance training 2 / 3

example of compensatory hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER: regeneration of the liver

example of hormonal hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER: enlargement of the uterus

during pregnancy

example of metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER: normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped

example of pathologic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER: cardiomegaly in a

hypertensive patient

example of pathological hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER: endometrial tissue

explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. what is it influenced by>? - CORRECT ANSWER: through the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic pressure being higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is influenced by the cardiac system (think about the heart getting fluids/nutrients where they need to go)

Explain RAAS - CORRECT ANSWER: 1- circulating blood volume/pressure is reduced

felt by the kidneys 2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature. Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone released to increase perfusion). aldosterone increased sodium and therefore an increase in storage of water and increases BP

How common is a given disease in a population? - CORRECT ANSWER: well-

established measures are used to answer this question

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