Final Exam: NR224 NR 224 Latest

Final Exam: NR224 / NR 224 (Latest

Update 2025 / 2026) Fundamentals:

Skills | Week 6 & 7 Questions and Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct – Chamberlain

Question:

Oral medications

Answer:

• Most common route

• Best for drugs with moderate to high oral bioavailability due to variable gut

pH along GI tract

• Do not use oral route if patient has vomiting, altered LOC, dysphagia, or

gastrointestinal dysfunctions

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Question:

Tablets & capsules

Answer:

• Some tablets can be crushed and mixed with foods but do not mix with large

amounts of foods or liquid

• Some meds need to be taken with food to avoid GI irritation, others must be

taken on an empty stomach to avoid absorption issues

• Do NOT crush or split enteric coated or timed released pills, these must be

swallowed whole

- Crushing these can cause: oropharyngeal irritation, alter absorption rate,

increase toxicity

Question:

Sublingual & buccal routes

Answer:

• Sublingual (under tongue) and buccal (between cheek and gum) allow for

rapid absorption into bloodstream

• Do NOT eat or drink until medication is fully dissolved

• If multiple buccal doses are needed alternate cheeks to prevent irritation

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Question:

Forms of liquid medications

Answer:

Elixirs:

• Sweetened, hydro-alcoholic solutions used for oral meds

Emulsions:

• Mixture of two immiscible liquids (they don't dissolve into each other)

Suspensions:

• Liquids where solid particles are mixed but not fully dissolved

**Always measure in mL using a: calibrated oral syringe, medication cup, and

holding device at eye level to measure

Question:

Oral meds - rate of absorption

Answer:

• Generally have a slow absorption rate and must pass through GI tract
• Faster absorption occurs with buccal and sublingual meds (rich blood

supply in mucous membranes) and liquids (absorbed more readily than tabs/capsules) **Acidic drugs are absorbed rapidly in the stomach, basic drugs are absorbed in the small intestine

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Question:

Gastric emptying time

Answer:

• The small intestine is the primary site of drug absorption due to large

surface area

Rapid gastric emptying:

• Speeds up absorption by delivering the drug to the small intestine faster

Slow gastric emptying:

• Delays absorption in small intestine

- Caused by: food, anticholinergic drugs, and aging

Question:

Other factors that may influence oral medication absorption

Answer:

Intestinal motility:

• Diarrhea can move rugs through intestine too fast

Food intake:

• Food may decrease absorption of some drugs due to physical interactions,

and some drugs are improved with admin of food

Intestinal metabolism and transport:

• Intestinal wall has extensive metabolic processed and transport mechanisms

(glycoproteins) that affect absorption of oral meds

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