Final Exam: Week 5, 6, 7 8

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NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals

Final Exam: Week 5, 6, 7 & 8

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• Glucose Production & Release

Answer All cells in the body need energy to function • primarily comes from glucose; a type of sugar found in carbohydrates.-between meals, glucose stores in the liver are released into the bloodstream • ensures a constant source of energy for the body -After a meal, carbohydrates are digested & release glucose into the bloodstream

• Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes

Answer As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin -Insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be stored in the liver for future use -type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed • damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin Joshua 1 / 10

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• Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes

Answer Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the body -Due to diminished insulin production, patients with type 1 diabetes have a low insulin concentration & high glucose (sugar) concentration in their blood

• Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes

Answer Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy -Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell surface • initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell -type 1 diabetes, low levels of insulin prevent adequate amounts of glucose from entering the cell • Because glucose remains in the bloodstream & is not used by the cell as energy, patients with type 1 diabetes may experience fatigue, exhaustion, & dizziness

• Insulin Release in Type II Diabetes

Answer As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin -insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be stored in the liver for future use Joshua 2 / 10

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-In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells become damaged or destroyed over time • damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin.

• Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type II Diabetes

Answer Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the body -Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy -In type 2 diabetes, insulin is not used properly & glucose remains in the bloodstream • leads to high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).

• Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes

Answer Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell surface • initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell -type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to the effects of insulin & does not properly bind to insulin receptors -Due to insulin resistance & resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes may experience increased thirst or hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing wounds

• Hypothyroidism

Answer an underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4) Joshua 3 / 10

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-When the thyroid produces too little thyroxine • body's metabolism slows down • wide array of effects on the body

-Hypothyroidism can cause:

• fatigue • depressed mood • slow heart rate • constipation • weight gain • irregular menstrual periods -more common in women >60 & people who have a family hx of the condition

• Hyperthyroidism

Answer

an overproduction of thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3),

& thyroxine (T4) -When the thyroid produces too much T3 & T4 • metabolism increases

• can cause a wide variety of symptoms:

£hand tremors £rapid heart rate £anxiety or irritability £frequent bowel movements £increased appetite £weight loss Joshua 4 / 10