Finall Exam:l NRl 325l NR325l Latestl

Finall Exam:l NRl 325/l NR325l (Latestl

2026/l 2027l Update)l Adultl Healthl IIl Guide|l Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)l -Chamberlain

Q:l Cirrhosis

Answer:

Assessment:l jaundice,l spiderl angiomas,l edema,l weakness,l anemia,l endocrinel problems,l peripherall neuropathy,l thrombocytopenia,l anorexia,l dyspnea,l fluidl retention,l ascitesl Complications:l portall HTNl w/l esophageall &l gastricl varices,l edema,l ascites,l hepaticl encephalopathy Tests:l liverl functionl studies,l biopsy,l upperl endoscopy,l CT

Q:l Cirrhosisl etiology

Answer:

Characterizedl byl extensivel degenerationl andl destructionl ofl thel liverl cellsl leadingl tol fibrosisl andl regenerativel nodules -chronicl liverl diseasel includingl froml excessivel alcoholl intakel andl NAFLD,l hepl Cl canl causel cirrhosis

Q:l Whatl abnormall seruml labl valuesl mightl bel seenl withl cirrhosis?

Answer:

Anemia,l thrombocytopenia;l leukopenia.l ↓l seruml albumin,l potassium.l 1 / 4

Abnormall liverl functionl studies.l ↑l INR,l ↓l platelets,l ↑l ammonia,l ↑l bilirubinl levels.l Abnormall abdominall ultrasound,l CT,l orl MRIl INR,l Internationall normalizedl ratio

Q:l Hepaticl encephalopathy

Answer:

Etiology:l neuropsychiatricl manifestationl ofl liverl disease

-neurotoxicl effectsl ofl ammonia,l abnormall neurotransmission,l astrocytel swelling,l andl inflammatoryl cytokines S/S:l changesl inl neurologicl andl mentall responsiveness,l impairedl LOC,l andl inappropriatel behaviorl rangingl froml sleepl disturbancesl tol troublel concentrationl tol deepl coma

Treatment:l Drugl therapy-l antibioticsl andl lactulosel

-reducel ammonial formation Management:l safel environment,l sustainingl life,l andl assistingl w/l measuresl tol reducel formationl ofl amonia -assessl neurol status

Q:l Gradingl scalel forl hepaticl encephalopathy

Answer:

Gradel 0:l normall tol minimall change-l asterixisl absent,l mayl havel abnormall psychometricl test Gradel 1:l lackl ofl awareness,l sleepl disturbances,l shortl attentionl span,l mildl confusion,l impairedl computationall skills,l personalityl change,l depression,l incoordinationl andl asterixisl mayl bel absent Gradel 2:l Lethargy,l drowsiness,l disorientedl tol time,l inappropriatel behavior,l deficitsl inl executivel function,l asterixisl abnormall reflexes Gradel 3:l Somnolent,l arousable,l disorientedl tol time,l lossl ofl meaningfull convo,l confusion,l incomprehensiblel speech,l asterixisl abnormall reflexes Gradel 4:l Notl arousable,l comatose,l absentl intellectuall function,l decerebrate,l mayl respondl tol painfull stimuli

Q:l Whatl isl Lactulose

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Answer:

osmoticl laxative -al drugl thatl trapsl ammonial inl thel gut -Acidificationl ofl fecesl inl bowell andl trappingl ofl ammonia,l causingl itsl eliminationl inl feces

Q:l Managementl andl treatmentl ofl ascites

Answer:

Ascites-l accumulationl ofl serousl fluidl inl thel peritoneall orl abdominall cavity

Management:l sodiuml restriction,l diuretics,l andl fluidl removal

-assessl andl monitorl fluidl andl electrolytesl balance -albuminl infusionl mayl bel used -diureticl therapy

Treatment:l -Spironolactonel (Aldactone)

-amiloridel (Midamor)l andl triamterenel (Dyrenium) -high-potencyl loopl diureticl suchl asl furosemidel isl usel dinl combol w/l potassium-sparingl drug -Tolvaptan,l al vasopressin-receptorl antagonist,l isl usedl tol correctl hyponatremia,

Q:l Paracentesis

Answer:

sterilel procedurel inl whichl al catheterl isl usedl tol withdrawl fluidl froml thel abdominall cavity -usedl tol dxl medicall conditions,l orl relievel pain,l pressure,l orl difficultyl breathing **w/l cirrhosisl itsl reservedl forl clientsl w/l impairedl respirationl orl abdominall discomfortl causedl byl severel ascitesl andl dol notl respondl tol diureticl therapy -temporaryl measure

Q:l Bleedingl varices

Answer:

Assessment:l observel forl s/sl ofl bleedingl (hematemesisl andl melana)

-hemorrhage

Management:l Keepl ptsl airwayl openl 3 / 4

-monitorl forl complicationsl suchl asl esophagus,l regurgitationl andl aspirationl ofl gastricl contents,l andl occlusionl ofl airwayl withl balloonl tamponade

Treatment:l Balloonl tamponade

Teaching:l aboutl balloonl tamponadel andl whatl tol expect

-encouragel tol expectorate

Q:l Balloonl tamponadel ofl GEl varices

Answer:

Usel ofl balloonsl tol stopl bleeding Indications:l unstablel ptl withl massivel variceall bleedingl inl thel followingl scenarios -endoscopyl notl availablel orl unsuccessfull atl controllingl bleeding Contraindications:l hxl ofl esophageall stricturel orl recentl esophageall orl gastricl surgery Complications:l airwayl obstruction,l esophageall rupture,l pain,l aspiration,l ulcerationl ofl lips,l mouth,l tonguel orl nares **l keepl scissorsl handyl tol cutl pressurel ifl balloonl dislodgesl andl blocksl airway

Q:l Carel ofl clientl withl balloonl tamponade

Answer:

Encouragel clientl tol expectoratel andl providel emesisl basinl andl tissue -frequentl orall andl nasall carel providesl reliefl froml tastel ofl bloodl andl irritation -keepl scissionl atl bedside -orall andl pharyngeall suctioning -semi-fowlersl position

Q:l Liverl failure

Answer:

Assessment:l jaundice,l coagulationl problems,l encephalopathy

Complications:l cerebrall edema,l renall failure,l hypoglycemia,l metabolicl acidosis,l sepsis,l multil organl failure

Tests:l bilirubin,l PT,l liverl enzymes,l CBC,l CT,l MRI

Management:l ICU,l liverl transplant,l monitorl renall function,l neurol checks,l skinl care,l safety

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