Geology 101 TAMU Final Exam Latest Update

Geology 101 TAMU Final Exam Latest Update - with 150 Questions and 100% Verified Detailed Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Approved by Professor

· Alpine-type mountain building (and 2 examples) - CORRECT ANSWER: o Continental Collisions - Large mountain chains formed by compressional stresses associated with continental convergence

• deformation of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks into a fold-andthrust belt
• deep igneous and metamorphic activity, but little or no volcanism
• a suture zone where the two continents meet

- 2 examples: Alps in Europe, Himalayas in India, Appalachians in the U.S.

· Andean-type mountain building - CORRECT ANSWER: o Subduction beneath a

continent

• Volcanic mountain growth is triggered by partial melting in the mantle wedge and

lower continental crust

• Crustal thickening may be supplemented by thrust faulting caused by the

compressional stresses of convergence

· Cirque, Arete, Horn - CORRECT ANSWER: o Cirques - Glaciers typically form high in the mountains, carving out bowl-shaped depressions

• Arête - a sharp-edged ridge
• Horn is a pyramid-like peak

· Contamination - CORRECT ANSWER: o Anything poured on the ground, sprayed onto plants, or buried in the ground has the potential to work its way into aquifers

• Leaking landfills or pipelines - Household chemicals, motor oil, etc. 1 / 3

· Cordilleran-type mountain building (and 1 example in North America) - CORRECT ANSWER: o The collision of volcanic island arcs or small slivers of continental crust with the edge of a continent to form mountainous regions

• Accreted terranes make up much of western North America in the Cordilleran

mountain belt from Alaska to Mexico.

· Drift, Till, and Stratified drift - CORRECT ANSWER: o Drift - any sediment of glacial origin

• Till - rock debris that is deposited directly by the ice - Dropped where the ice melts
• Stratified drift - sediments deposited by glacial meltwater (often by streams) - Sorted

and bedded

· Glacial striations and grooves - CORRECT ANSWER: o carved into bedrock by glacial abrasion

· Glacial trough (U-shaped valley), Fjord (fiord) - CORRECT ANSWER: o Valley glaciers widen and deepen stream valleys, creating U-shaped glacial troughs

• Fjords (or fiords) are deep, steep-sided inlets of the sea

· Ground rupture - CORRECT ANSWER: o Includes fracturing and displacement of

roads, bridges, and other structures

· Groundwater supply (and mining groundwater) - CORRECT ANSWER: o In most

highly populated areas, groundwater should be considered nonrenewable

· Hanging valley - CORRECT ANSWER: o A glacier in the main valley typically erodes more deeply than tributary glaciers

· Jetties, groins - CORRECT ANSWER: o built perpendicular to the shoreline and

extend into the ocean

• Trap sand transported by the longshore current, depriving unprotected areas of sand 2 / 3

• Erosion occurs down the beach
• No longer a preferred method to stop beach erosion

· Lateral, medial, and end moraines - CORRECT ANSWER: o lateral moraine - is till that is transported and deposited along the sides of a glacier

• Medial moraines - transported along the middle of the glacier surface after two

glaciers merge § rarely preserved after the glacier melts

· Liquefaction - what is it and why is it significant - CORRECT ANSWER: o Groundwater may be mobilized during an earthquake, saturating loose sediment and making it behave like a fluid, similar to quicksand.

· oceanic crust vs. continental crust - CORRECT ANSWER: o oceanic: § Forms at mid-ocean ridges § Averages 7 km thick § Composed of basalt and gabbro § Average density of 3.0 g/cm3

o Continental:

§ Heterogeneous structure and composition (generally granitic) § Averages 40 km thick § Thickest (70 km) at mountains like the Himalayas and Thinnest (20 km) in the Basin and Range region § Average density of 2.7 g/cm3

· Tsunamis (know their detailed characteristics) - CORRECT ANSWER: o A series of large ocean waves generated by slip on a submarine fault or by a coastal volcanic eruption

• - Can travel across the ocean at 800 km/hr (500 mph)
• - In open water, the wave height is less than 1 meter, making it difficult to detect, but

close to shore, the water "piles up" and may reach heights greater than 30 meters

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