Health Communication Exam Prep

Health Communication Exam Prep

Week 1: Intervention Mapping

Monday 1.​Bartholomew Eldredge, L. K., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E.,

Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: An

intervention mapping approach (4th ed.).

Summary:

The purpose of intervention mapping is to provide health promotion program planners with a framework for effective decision making at each step in the intervention planning, implementation, and evaluation. It is based on theory and empirical findings from the literature and data collected from a population. This ensures that we can describe and address the factors that cause health problems and the methods to achieve change. In intervention mapping we use theory from a problem-driven perspective. To understand a problem the planning team begins with a question about a specific (One) health problem. In the social ecoglogical model – health is a function of individuals and of the environment in which individuals live, including family, social networks, organisations, communities and societies.Intervention mapping consists of 6 steps, upon completion planners have a blueprint for designing, implementing and evaluating an intervention based on theorethical, empirical and practical information. The process looks linear but is rather iterative and cumulative.

1.​Iterative: move back and forthe between tasks and steps as new information and perspectives are gathered 2.​Cumulative: base each step on the previous steps – inattention can lead to jeopardising the potential effectiveness by compromising the validity of the foundation on which later steps are conducted.The steps include: 1– develop a logic model of the problem based on a needs assessment, 2 – state program outcomes and outcomes and objectives, logic model for change, 3 – develop the program plan, 4 – produce the intervention, 5 – plan the program use and implementation,

• – develop an evaluation plan.

2.​Kok, G., Harterink, P., Vriens, P., de Zwart, O., & Hospers, H. J. (2006). The gay

cruise: Developing a theory- and evidence-based internet HIV-prevention

intervention. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3, 52-67

Summary:

This paper uses the Intervention Mapping (IM) and applies it to the health problem HIV among men having sex with men.

1 1 / 4

Wednesday 3.​Bartholomew Eldredge, L. K., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fernández, M. E.,

Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: An

intervention mapping approach (4th ed.). – Pages 232-241

Summary:

Planners already have an idea of a problem and possible target group that might suffer the most, they use concepts of epidemiology (=the study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases and their risk factors in populations).-​Dimensions of health problems – include disability, discomfort, fertility, fitness, morbidity, mortality, and physiological risk factors.-​Dimensions of quality of life – include effects of illness on both individual and societal indica- tors, such as cost of health care, absenteeism, work or school performance, activities of daily living, stigma, isolation and alienation, discrimination, happiness and adjustment, self-esteem, and employment.Risk and rate concepts and statistics are helpful in the process of describing the health problem, and we refer the reader to texts in epidemiology. The extent of the health problem is usually described as a rate, making possible comparisons among groups and geographic areas as well as judgments of the importance or seriousness of the problem. A rate is the number of events (people with a problem) over a period of time per population of 1,000 or 100,000.Think of environmental factors that influence health directly through disease-causing exposures or indirectly by influencing health-related behavior. Each level of the environment (interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal) can influence both individual behavior and any (lower) level of environment.Why do members of the at-risk group behave in ways to increase their risk of a health problem? Why do agents in the environment create or maintain unhealthy environmental conditions? We refer to these factors as personal “determinants” because, from an intervention-development perspective, causation is implied.These determinants can be changed or modified by interventions that involve influencing how people think about or have the capacity to change a behavior or an environment.

4.​Ruiter, R. A. C., Crutzen, R., De Leeuw, E., & Kok, G. (2020). Changing behavior using theories at the interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal levels. In The Handbook of Behavior Change (pp. 251–266).

Summary:

Societal problems, such as the burden of chronic health behavior–related diseases or inefficient resource usage, can be alleviated by changing people’s behaviors. Addressing behavior change usually requires the coordinated pooling of expertise of individuals from multiple backgrounds and disciplines and at multiple ecological levels.-​Theory-driven applied psychology involves testing a theory in an applied setting, for example in schools or organizations, primarily in order to gain insight into the external validity of the theory.

2 2 / 4

-​Problem-driven applied psychology refers to scien- tific activities that focus on changing or reducing a practical problem. In problem-driven applied psy- chology, theories are used but problem-solving is the primary focus of this approach, and the criteria for success are formulated in terms of problem reduction.Various “social agents” in an individual’s envir- onment, such as family members and peers, pro- fessionals in organizations, opinion leaders, and policy makers, can have a pervasive influence when it comes to behavior change. The different social ecological levels, including the interindividual, organizational, community, and societal levels. intervention programs can therefore be applied to change the behavior of agents operating at these higher ecological levels in much the same way as they are at the individual level.-​The socioecological approach to behavior change focuses on the interrelationships between individuals and their interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy environments. Two key assumptions from the socioecological approach can guide the identification of interven- tion targets for promoting behavior change: (1) behavior influences and is influenced by multi- level environmental factors and (2) individual behavior both shapes and is shaped by the environment interventions at the various ecological levels should focus on changing the behavior of agents who are in a position to exercise influence over aspects of the environ- ment and, in doing so, bring about behavior change at other environmental levels.Changing behavior requires an understanding of the causes and effects of that behavior.outcomes are determined by changes in the individual behavior of the “at- risk” group and by changes in the behaviors of the “agents.” Environmental agents are the peo- ple within the environment at various levels (organizational, community, and policy) that, together, determine the environmental condi- tions that affect individual behavior. This follows the logic that changes in the environmental conditions that precede behavior change necessitate the application of theories at both the individual and the environmen- tal levels in order to be able to understand and change behavior. Taking a socioecological approach to behavior change means taking into account the contexts within which people live, work, and play. The agents in this setting are the implementers of the intervention itself, for example teachers.

Slides:

“One Health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems. – it recognizes that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including

ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent.” Systematic Approach:

-​Planning models give guidance on required activities (program transparency) -​IM is a planning protocol for the systematic development of theory-and evidence-based behavior change interventions.

-​Meta-analyses health education/health promotion: Theory-based interventions

superior -​Planned development allows for efficient evaluation

3 3 / 4

Use of theory = necessary in evidence informed health promotion -​Describe and address factors that cause health problems -​Identify methods to achieve change

Week 2: Needs Assesment

Monday 5.​Yzer, M. (2012). The Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as a tool for designing health messages. In H. Cho (Ed.), Health communication message

design: Theory and practice (pp. 21-40). 

Summary:

Why do we study health communication? – We have an interest in improving public health, and specifically, that we believe that communication has the potential to improve health behavior through health messages. A primary contributing factor in this regard is the correspondence between the message and the recipient. Maximizing the message–recipient match requires a good understanding of why people engage in healthy or risky behavior. A conceptual framework that can account for different health behaviors in different populations is the integrative model of behavioral prediction. The integrative model takes a reasoned action approach to understanding behavior, which holds that although an infinite number of variables may in some way influence behavior, only a small number of variables need to be considered to predict, change, or reinforce a particular behavior in a particular population. The integrative model thus accounts for any behavior, regardless of whether behavior is deemed rational or irrational.-​The integrative model can identify in any given population which variables most importantly determine a given behavior, and proposes that a health message should address those critical determinants in order to improve the recommended behavior in the particu- lar population. -​It therefore has the ability to maximize the correspondence between the target population’s unique needs and the content of a message.The Intention–Behavior Relationship. The integrative model predicts that people act on their intentions when they have the necessary skills and when environmental factors do not impede behavioral performance. The problem here is not one of motivation but one of competence (i.e., skills) and means (i.e., environmental constraints or facilitators). A wide range of contextual factors can also either facilitate or impede behav- ioral performance. These are referred to as environmental constraints in the integrative model. Determinants of Intention. The integrative model further postulates that intention is a function of three types of perceptions: attitude, perceived norm, and self-efficacy. Attitude is a person’s evaluation of how favorable or unfa- vorable his or her performing a particular behavior would be. Perceived norm, which is the social pressure one expects regarding

• / 4