HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 169

HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide | 169 Actual Questions and Answers (Updated )

Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - Answer Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells

Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - Answer Monocytes and neutrophils

Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - Answer Macrophages and neutrophils

Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - Answer Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste

General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) - Answer Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro- inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue

Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - Answer Mast cell

Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? - Answer Adhesion molecules

E-Selectin - Answer An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)

E-Selectin Ligand - Answer A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response

ICAM-1 - Answer An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)

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Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - Answer A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response

Stable Arrest - Answer When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue

Pus - Answer Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)

Psoriasis overview - Answer Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response

Psoriasis risk factors - Answer History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis

TNF-alpha in psoriasis - Answer A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches

Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - Answer Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells

Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - Answer Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue

Most abundant leukocyte - Answer Neutrophils

What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - Answer Extracellular bacterial infections

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Answer A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons 2 / 3

Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them - Answer Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

The Antiviral State - Answer Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Answer Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells

Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - Answer Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin

Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - Answer Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagellin

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - Answer Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an immune response; important in innate immunity

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - Answer A group of pattern recognition receptors; can be located on immune cell surface or within the cell on the endosomal membrane

Viral PAMPs - Answer Nucleic acids

What happens when pattern recognition receptors or toll-like receptors bind to a PAMP? How does this response differ among different kinds of infection (viral vs.bacterial)? - Answer The immune cell is activated and will secrete pro- inflammatory cytokines such as type 1 interferons (viral infection), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) - both in response to extracellular bacteria

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