Hondros 212 exam 3 Actual Exam Latest Update

Hondros 212 exam 3 Actual Exam Latest Update

• 150 Questions and 100% Verified

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A1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) - CORRECT ANSWER: provides a measurement of

blood glucose levels over the previous 2 to 3 months Diseases affecting RBCs (anemia) can influence the AIC

acute thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm) - CORRECT ANSWER: is an acute, severe and

rare condition that occurs when excess amounts of thyroid hormones are released into the circulation. Results from stressors- infection, trauma, surgery, pts having a thyroidectomy

Addison's disease - CORRECT ANSWER: adrenocortical insufficiency or secondary

cause (lack of pituitary ACTH secretions)

Addisonian crisis - CORRECT ANSWER: N/V confusion, abdominal pain, extreme

weakness, hypoglycemia, dehydration, decreased BP, tachycardia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, fever, weakness- at risk for shock!!!CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE

adrenal insufficiency - CORRECT ANSWER: vomiting, increased weakness,

dehydration and hypotension

Alcohol induced hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER: alcohol inhibits

gluconeogenesis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) by the liver. This can cause severe hypoglycemia in patients on insulin or OAs that increase insulin secretion.Moderate alcohol consumption is fine. 1 drink for women, 2 drinks for men. Teach pts to consume carbohydrates while drinking alcohol

Anastomosis leak - CORRECT ANSWER: tachycardia, fever, tachypnea, chest and

abdominal pain

C peptide in serum and urine - CORRECT ANSWER: useful clinical indicator of

pancreatic b cell function and insulin levels

Care for retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWER: dilated eye examination at the time of

diagnosis and annually afterwards. T1DM- q 5 years. Prevent by maintaining healthy glucose levels and managing HTN, laser photocoagulation therapy can reduce the risk for vision loss. A pt who develops vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment may undergo vitrectomy is he aspiration of blood, membraine and fibers from inside the side.A flucinolone acetonide intraviteal implant (iluvien) is used to treat retinopathy

Care of DKA - CORRECT ANSWER: First goal of therapy is to establish IV access and begin fluid and electrolyte replacement. Give 0.9 to raise BP and restore urine output to 1 / 3

30 to 60 ml/hr. When blood glucose levels reach 250 5 or 10% dextrose is added.Obtain serum potassium level before starting insulin. Monitor fluid balance and potassium balance!!

Causes of Addisonian Crisis - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. stress (infection, surgery,

psychologic distress 2. sudden withdraw of corticosteroids, 3. adrenal surgery 4. sudden pituitary gland destruction

Causes of HHS - CORRECT ANSWER: UTIs, pneumonia, sepsis, any acute illness

and newly diagnosed T2DM, impaired thirst sensation

Causes of hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER: Primary- destruction of the thyroid

tissue or defective hormone synthesis, secondary- is caused by pituitary disease with decreased TSH secretion or hypothalamic dysfunction with decreased TRH secretion.Iodine deficiency is the most common cause

Complications of hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER: decreased cardiac

contractility, decreased cardiac output, high serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, myxedema coma is a medical emergency- can be caused by infection, drugs (especially opiates, barbituates and tranquillizers, exposure to cold and trauma- characterized by subnormal temperature, hypotension and hypoventilation- cardiovascular collapse can result

counterregulatory hormones- increase blood glucose levels - CORRECT ANSWER:

glucagon, epinephrine, GH, cortisol

Criteria for metabolic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: Need any 3 of the 5- waist

circumference- >40in in men and >35 in women, Triglycerides- >150 or on drug treatment for high triglycerides, HDL cholesterol- <40 in men <50 in women or drug treatment for high cholesterol, BP- >130 sys >85 diastolic or on drug treatment for HTN, fasting blood glucose >100 or on drug treatment for elevated blood glucose

Criteria guidelines for bariatric surgery - CORRECT ANSWER: BMI of 40 or more or a BMI of 35 or more with other significant co-morbidities (HTN, T2DM, HF, sleep apnea)

Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: a condition caused by prolonged

exposure to high levels of cortisol

Dawn phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER: Hyperglycemia present on awakening (GH

and cortisol are increased in the morning. Treatment is an increase in insulin or an adjustment in administration time.

Diabetes-related retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWER: leading cause of blindness.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) definition - CORRECT ANSWER: is characterized by

hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis and dehydration. 2 / 3

Diabetic- related Neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWER: is nerve damage that occurs

because of the metabolic imbalances associated with diabetes. The most common types is sensory neuropathy- loss of protection sensation in the lower extremities.Increases the risk for amputations

Diagnosis of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER: A1C of 6.5 or higher, fasting plasma

glucose level of 126 or greater, a 2 hour plasma glucose level of 200 or greater during an OGTT using a glucose load of 75g, in a pt with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) or hyperglycemic crisis, a random blood glucose level of 200 or more

Diagnostic studies of Addison's disease - CORRECT ANSWER: The ACTH stimulation

test is a common test to test for adrenal insufficiency. Baseline cortisol and ACTH levels are measured, and the pt is given IV injection of synthetic ACTH. Cortisol and ACTH levels are rechecked 30 and 60 minutes. Addison's diseases have little to no increase in cortisol levels- those with primary adrenal insufficiency have a high ACTH level

Diagnostics for Cushing's - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. midnight or late night salivary

cortisol 2. low-dose dexamethasone suppression test and 3. 24 hr urine corisol-- levels higher than 100 indicate cushing's

Disadvantages of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass - CORRECT ANSWER: Leak at site of

anastomosis, anemia, calcium deficiency, dumping syndrome, irreversible

Dumping syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: Gastric contents empty too rabidly into the

small intestine, overwhelming its ability to digest nutrients. Symptoms include n/v, weakness, sweating, faintness and sometimes diarrhea. Pt is instructed to avoid sugary foods after surgery

Exercise for pts with DM - CORRECT ANSWER: The ADA recommends that people

with diabetes engage in at least 150 min/wk (30min, 5 day/wk) of moderate- intensity aerobic physical activity. Resistance training 3 times a week. Pts who use insulin, sulfonylureas, or meglitinides are at a increased risk of hypoglycemia, especially if they exercise during a peak of action of a medication. The glucose lowering effects of exercise can last for 48hrs. Pts should exercise 1 hour after a meal or have a 10-15 g carb snack and check glucose levels

Fructosamine - CORRECT ANSWER: Is another way to assess glucose levels,,

reflects glycemia in the previous 1 to 3 weeks

Goal A1C for pts with diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER: less than 7.0

Grave's Disease (hyperthyroidism) - CORRECT ANSWER: is an autoimmune disease

of unknown cause characterized by diffuse thyroid enlargement and excess thyroid hormone secretion. pt develops antibodies to the TSH receptor. Is characterized by

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