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howorwhyquestionsaboutsocialaspectsofhealth.

Class notes Dec 26, 2025 ★★★★★ (5.0/5)
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Summaryfrom QHRbookChapters

➔ChapterstoreadfromgreenandThorogoodbook:1,2,3,5,7,10,11,13

➔MainpointsofChapter1:

-QHRhasrootsinsocialsciencesandhumanities,andaimstoanswerthe“what”, “how”or“why”questionsaboutsocialaspectsofhealth.-Qualitativeresearchersaimtounderstandphenomenaratherthanmeasure phenomena.-Inbiggerhealthresearchprograms,qualitativeapproachescontributetogenerating hypotheses,byaddingdepthtounderstanding.-ThedatatheyproduceandanalyzeareintheformofwordsandNOTnumbers.

-Principlesofqualitativemethodologyinclude:naturalism,reflexivity,afocuson

meaningandunderstanding.

-Reflexivity:afocusonthemeaningandflexibleresearchstrategies.

-QHRaimstounderstandactivitiesashealthbehaviorsandhealthprovision.

SummaryfromChapter1:

Introinfo:

-Qualitativeapproachestohealthhavetheirrootsinsocialsciencessuchassociology, socialanthropology,psychology,historyandgeography -Whatthesesocialscienceshaveincommonisthattheyfocusonwhatpeopledo,why andwhyisthecontextofsocialrelationships.-Challengesforhealthpolicyandpracticearebeingmorerootedinthe“social”,thatis whyhealthcarepractitionershaveturnedtosocialenquirytoenhanceunderstandingof healthandhealthbehavior.-Qualitativeresearchhashelpedinthattheyaredirectedmoreaboutunderstandinga phenomenaratherthanmeasuringit.

Topicsthatcanbeaddressedusingqualitativeresearch:

-Topicsrelatedtoindividualsroles,identitiesandviews.Ex:Whatdopeopleunderstand

abouta“healthydiet”?-Topicsrelatedtosocialgroups:Ex:Howdothemeaningsofbodysizedifferacross ethnicgroups? 1 / 4

-Topicsrelatedtothewaysinwhichsocietyisstructured:Ex:HowdidObesityemergeas asocialproblem?

PossibleaimsofQualitativeresearch:

-Findingoutwhatpatientsthinkofaservice -Evaluatingapolicychange -Exploringhowideasofmedicinehavechangedovertime.Healthresearch:healthresearchhas2strandsofwork:

-StudiesOFhealth:Critical”fromvarioussocialsciencesperspectives.Addresses

questionssuchas:Whatarehealthandillness?Studiesofhealthaimtoexplore

conceptsandcategoriesthatareimplicit(NOTexpressed)inthehealthagenda.-StudiesFORHealth:“Applied”contributionsofsocialsciencesaredefinedprimarilyby thehealthagenda.Studiesforhealthhavetheexistinghealthagendaastheirstarting point.(ThedistinctionsbetweenstudiesOFhealthandstudiesFORhealthalsoprovidesa

usefulwayofthinkingabouttheaimsofthestudy)(suchas:expandonknowledgeor

provideevidence?)

-Definitionsofhealthresearch:anystudyaddressingunderstandingsofhumanhealth,

healthbehaviorsandpractices,orhealthservices,whateverthedisciplinarystartingpoint.

Qualitativedata:

-FirstwayofCharacterizingqualitativeresearchisbydescribingthekindofdatait generates.-Dataintheformofwords.-Therearenocleardivisionsbetween“quantitative”and“qualitative”dataasallresearch involvessomequantificationandallresearchinvolvessomewords.-Inqualitativedata,simplefrequencycountsofthemesareusedininterviewdata.

Qualitativemethodsanddesigns:

-Secondwayofcharacterizingqualitativeresearchisbythemethodsusedtogenerate thosedata.Therearesomemethodsthatarespecificallyassociatedwithqualitative research.Therearealsosomedesignsthatarespecificallyassociatedwithqualitative researchsuchasethnographiccasestudies.

Aimsofthestudy:

-Athirddistinctionbetweenqualitativeandquantitativeresearchrelatestotheoverall aimsofthestudy.-Qualitativeresearchseekstounderstandphenomena,NOTtoquantifythem.-QualitativeRQtendstobeaboutthe“what”,”how”or“why”ofaphenomena,rather thanquestionsabout“howmany”. 2 / 4

-Manyqualitativestudieshave“understand”or“explore”asanaim.-Thefundamentalaimofqualitativestudiesisthatofunderstanding“whatisgoingon”.-Qualitativeresearchischaracterizedbyitsfundamentalaimsofunderstanding phenomena.-Qualitativeresearchaddressesquestionsaboutthenatureofthephenomena.-Qualitativeapproachesarethemostproductivewhentheybeginbyseekingtounderstand practices,orbehaviorsfromtheperspectiveofthosebeingstudied.-Qualitativeresearchattemptstounderstandtheworldfromtheperspectiveofthe

participant,nottheresearcher.Ex:publichealthandhealthpromotion,areoften

concernedwithchangingbehavior.

HierarchyofEvidence:

-Withinan“evidence-basedapproach”,giventhattheprimaryquestionsareaboutthe effectivenessoftreatments,theresearchapproachesthataremostprizedarethosethatare thestrongestforprovidingevidenceofeffectiveness.-Thereisa“hierarchyofevidence”,whereRCT“randomizedcontroltrial”isatthe TOP,asthemostcredibleevidenceonwhetherparticularinterventions“work”ornot.Casestudiesareatthebottomofthehierarchy,alongwith“descriptivestudies”or opinion.-Qualitativestudiescountonlyforverylittleinthishierarchyofevidence.

OrientationsofQualitativeresearch:

1.Naturalism:

-“Naturalism”:referstoapreferenceforstudyingphenomenaintheir“natural”or

everydayenvironments.-Itisneededbecauseresearchershavefoundthathumanbehaviorisalteredasaresultof takingpartinthestudy,ratherthanbecauseofanyofthespecificinterventionsbeing tested.-“Naturalistic”approachiswhentheyattempttogeneratein-depthknowledgeabout settingovertime,inordertounderstandhowandwhypeoplebehaveastheydo.-Theaimoftheresearcheristobecomepartofthesettingforlongenoughtounderstand whatisgoingon,andtoprovidedetaileddescription.Theresearcherismoreinterestedin everydayor“reallife”contextsthaninidealsituations.-Naturalisticresearchincludestheoreticalanalysisofaccountsofthesocialworlds.-“Naturalism”isofcourseanidealisticnotion,asthereisinpracticeno“clean”research field.Anyactofobservationswillimpactthefield,however“invisible”theresearcher becomes. 3 / 4

2.Reflexivity:

-Theresearchersshouldsubjecttheirownresearchpracticetothesamecriticalanalysis thattheydeploywhenstudyingtheirtopic.-First,reflexivityinvolvesreflectingcriticallyontheresearchitself.Reflectingonwhy somequestionsarelegitimateandwhytheyattractfunding.-Thereflexiveresearcherconsidersthebroaderpoliticalandsocialcontextoftheir research.-TheSecond,levelofreflexivityneededinqualitativeresearchismorepersonal,and involvestheconsiderationoftheroleoftheresearcherhimorherselfingeneratingand analyzingtheirdata.Whoyouareasaresearcherwillshapethekindofdatagenerated.

3.Flexibleresearchstrategies:

-Qualitativestudieshaveaflexibleresearchstrategy,whichcanbeadaptedasearlydata areproducedandanalyzed.Flexibleinthatwecanchangethingsduringtheprocess suchasliteratureandtheresearchquestionsasweworkontheresearch.

-Forexample:Earlydataanalysismaysuggestamorerefinedresearchquestionthatwill

influencelatersampling,andmaysendyoubacktolookformoreliterature.-Thedegreeofflexibilityrequireddependsonthedemandsofthestudyandthe perspectiveoftheresearcher.

Qualitativemethodologiesusedinhealthagenda/oraspartofmixed-methodprogram:

1.Qualitativestudiescanbeusedinexploratorywork.Giventhataprimaryaimof qualitativeresearchistoexplorephenomena,qualitativestudiescanthereforebeused whenlittleisknownaboutatopic.

2.Qualitativeworkscanfollowquantitativeresearch,withtheaimofadding“Depth” tofindingsfromquantitativestudies.Qualitativeresearchhasaveryimportantrolein understandingthe“meaning”ofquantitativerecord,intermsofuncoveringtheprocesses bywhichthestatisticsthatareusedroutinelyinpublichealthareproduced.Qualitative workcanidentifythesocial,organizationalandhistoricalfactorsthatshapehowtheseare bothproducedandused.

3.Qualitativeandquantitativeapproachesareusedtogether,withtheaimof addressingdifferentaspectsofthesameresearchquestion.These2canbeused togetherwiththeaimofextendingourunderstandingofaphenomena.Therationalefor mixingqualitativeandquantitativecomponentsmaybetogeneratedifferentkindsof data,ortoaddress“gaps”whereonemethodcannotproducedata.

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Category: Class notes
Added: Dec 26, 2025
Description:

Summaryfrom QHRbookChapters ➔ChapterstoreadfromgreenandThorogoodbook:1,2,3,5,7,10,11,13 ➔MainpointsofChapter1: -QHRhasrootsinsocialsciencesandhumanities,andaimstoanswerthe“what”, “how”o...

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