Human Anatomy Exam 2 Essay Questions Latest

Human Anatomy Exam 2 Essay Questions Latest Update - Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor

• Discuss the normal roles of Acetylcholine (Ach) and Calcium ions (Ca+) in a muscle

contraction B)Muscle-relaxing drugs are administered to a patient during major surgery. Which of the two chemicals described next would be a good skeletal relaxant and why? (3 pts) · Chemical A binds to and blocks Ach receptors of muscle cells.

· Chemical B floods muscle cells' cytoplasm with Ca+. - CORRECT ANSWER:

Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the motor endplate, initiating a change in ion permeability that results in the end-plate potential. Calcium exposes the site on actin which interacts with myosin - this is in the skeletal muscle. Ca ions and proteins bond to actin play a crucial role in both muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

Chemical A. By blocking the binding of Ach to the motor endplate, neutral stimulation of the cell is blocked, and the muscle cell cannot depolarize.

Compare and contrast controls of bone remodeling exerted by hormones and by mechanical and gravitational forces, including the actual purpose of each control system and changes in bone architecture that might occur.

• Name the specific hormones that control remodeling and explain their mechanism of

action on bone and any other applicable systems. B) Explain the mechanical and

gravitational forces and their effects on bone. - CORRECT ANSWER: Specific

hormones that control remodeling include calcitonin, growth hormone, thyroxine, androgen, and estrogen. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity while allowing osteoblast activity to continue which means it is inhibiting resorption while allowing bone growth.Growth hormone, thyroxine, androgen, and estrogen all stimulate osteoblast activity which stimulates bone growth and allows for remodeling.

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Mechanical and gravitational forces and their effect on bone is known as Wolfs Law.This states that a bone will grow in response to mechanical and gravitational forces acting upon it.

Compare and contrast the tissue arrangement of spongy bone and compact bone.

Include where each is found. - CORRECT ANSWER: Spongy bone is composed of

honeycomb networks of trabecula with red and yellow marrow filling all the spaces.These trabecula form along lines of stress where mechanical and gravitational forces are acting on the bone. It's found in the epiphysis of long bones as well as the diploe of flat, short and irregular bones. Compact bone is composed of osteons which are the main structural unit, a central canal for nerves and blood vessels to go through as well as concentric and interstitial lamellae which give compact bone its strength due to their many rings like when you roll up a poster. You can find compact bone in the diaphysis of long bones.

Describe four of the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each. Be sure to

include anatomical features of each type. - CORRECT ANSWER: -Gliding joint is

slightly nonaxial or multiaxial examples include intercarpal and intertarsal.-Hinge joints are monoaxial and examples include elbows and knees.-Pivot joints are monoaxial and an example is the atlas/axis joint.-Saddle joints are biaxial and an example is the first carpometacarpal.

Describe the anatomical and functional classifications of articulations. Provide examples of each classification and then explain how the two classification systems are related. -

CORRECT ANSWER: Anatomical classifications are classified by what binds them

together samples are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Functional classifications are based on the amount of movement allowed, examples include synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. They are related because structure reflects function for example fibrous articulations are synarthroses because they are immovable, cartilaginous are amphiarthroses because they are slightly movable and synovial are diarthroses because they are freely movable.

Emily uses a 50 pound weight to do a biceps curl. She also uses her biceps to pick up a pencil. How is it possible for Emily to use the same muscles to lift everything from very heavy objects to light objects using the same muscles? Explain. - CORRECT ANSWER:

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