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INSTRUCTOR MANUAL For
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
A CULTURAL APPROACH
Second Edition Dorothy Marsil 1 / 4
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CHAPTER 1: A CULTURAL APPROACH TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................ 3 Section 1: Learning Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 Section 2: Learning Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 Section 3: Learning Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 KEY TERMS ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1: Key Terms ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 2: Key Terms ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 3: Key Terms ..................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................................... 5 I.Section 1: Human Development Today and Its Origins ............................................................... 5 II.Section 2: Theories of Human Development ................................................................................. 5 III.Section 3: How We Study Human Development ........................................................................ 5 LECTURE NOTES ................................................................................................................................................ 6 I.Section 1: Human Development Today and Its Origins ............................................................... 6 A.Introduction to text ................................................................................................................................. 6 B.A Demographic Profile of Humanity Today ................................................................................... 6 1.Population Growth and Change ........................................................................................................ 6 2.Variations Across Countries .............................................................................................................. 7 3.Variations Within Countries .............................................................................................................. 8 C.Human Development Today and Its Origins: Human Origins and the Birth of Culture ... 8 1.Our Evolutionary Beginnings ............................................................................................................ 8 2.The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations ....................................................................................... 9 3.Human Evolution and Human Development Today ................................................................ 10 II.Section Two: Theories of Human Development ........................................................................ 10 A.Theories of Human Development: Ancient Conceptions .......................................................... 10 1.The Life Course in Three Traditions ............................................................................................ 10 B.Theories of Human Development: Scientific Conceptions ...................................................... 11 1.Freud’s Psychosexual Theory ........................................................................................................ 11 2.Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory ...................................................................................................... 11 3.Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory ........................................................................................... 12 4.A Cultural-Developmental Model for This Book ..................................................................... 12 2 / 4
2 III.Section Three: How We Study Human Development ............................................................. 13 A.How We Study Human Development: The Scientific Method ................................................. 13 1.The Five Steps of the Scientific Method ..................................................................................... 13 2.Ethics in Human Development Research .................................................................................... 14 B.How We Study Human Development: Methods and Designs in Research .......................... 14 1.Research Methods .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.Research Design ................................................................................................................................. 16 ACTIVITIES FOR THE FIRST DAY OF CLASS ................................................................................... 17 First Day Activity and Discussion: Similarities and Differences ................................................... 17 First Day Lecture Suggestion and Activity: Introduction to the Cultural Approach of This Textbook ................................................................................................................................................................. 17 LECTURE LAUNCHERS, DISCUSSIONS, AND ACTIVITIES ....................................................... 17 Section 1 Lecture Launcher: What Is Culture? .................................................................................... 17 Section 1 Discussion/Activity: What Is Culture? ................................................................................ 18 Section 1 Lecture Launcher: Development in Culture Across the Life Span ............................. 18 Section 1 Lecture Launcher: Introduce Charles Darwin ................................................................... 19 Section 1 Lecture Launcher: Evolution as an Integrative Theme from the Beginning of Class 19 Section 2 Lecture Launcher: Varying Perspectives on Development ........................................... 20 Section 2 Lecture Launcher: Stage Theory: What Is a Stage Theory? ........................................ 22 Section 2 Lecture Launcher: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory .............................................. 23 Section 2 Activity: Constructing a Life Line to Illustrate Erikson’s Stages of Development 24 Section 2 Activity: Developmental Comparisons Across Species ................................................. 24 Section 3 Lecture Launcher: Can Psychology Be a Real Science? ................................................ 25 Section 3 Lecture Launcher: Ways of Knowing .................................................................................. 25 Section 3 Lecture Launcher/Discussion: Understanding Experiments ......................................... 26 Section 3 Lecture Launcher: Pseudopsychology and the Mozart Effect ...................................... 26 Section 3 Activity: Correlational and Experimental Research ........................................................ 26 Section 3 Activity: Designing a Research Study ................................................................................. 27 CRITICAL THINKING..................................................................................................................................... 27 How We Study Human Development: Fools for Numbers .............................................................. 27 TEXTBOOK FEATURES ................................................................................................................................ 29 Section 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 Section 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 3 / 4
3 Section 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Handout 1-1 to Accompany Activity: Design a Research Study ........................................................... 30
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Section 1: Learning Objectives
1.1 Describe how the human population has changed over the past 10,000 years and explain why the United States is following a different demographic path from other developed countries.
1.2 Distinguish between the demographic profiles of developed countries and developing countries in terms of cultural values, income, and education.
1.3 Define the term socioeconomic status (SES) and explain why SES, gender, and ethnicity are important aspects of human development within countries.
1.4 Explain the process of natural selection and trace the evolutionary origins of the human species.
1.5 Summarize the major changes in human cultures since the Upper Paleolithic period.
1.6 Apply information about human evolution to how human development takes place today.
Section 2: Learning Objectives
1.7 Compare and contrast three ancient conceptions of development through the life span.
1.8 Summarize Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development and describe its main limitations.
1.9 Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development.
1.10 Define the five systems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and explain how it differs from stage theories.
1.11 Outline the cultural-developmental model that will be the structure of this book and describe the new life stage of emerging adulthood.
Section 3: Learning Objectives
1.12 Recall the five steps of the scientific method and the meanings and functions of hypotheses, sampling, and procedure in scientific research.
1.13 Describe some ethical standards for human development research.
1.14 Summarize the main methods used in research on human development.
1.15 Describe the major types of research designs used in human development research.
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